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A Level Economics > Theme 1: Introduction to Markets and Market Failure Definitions > Flashcards

Theme 1: Introduction to Markets and Market Failure Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Ad valorem tax

A

An indirect tax imposed on a good where the value of the tax is dependent on the value of the good

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2
Q

Asymmetric information

A

Where one party has more information than the other, leading to market failure

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3
Q

Capital

A

One of the four factors of production; goods which can be used in the production process

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4
Q

Capital goods

A

Goods produced in order to aid production of consumer goods in the future

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4
Q

Ceteris paribus

A

All other things remaining the same

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5
Q

Command economy

A

All factors of production are allocated by the state, so they decide what, how and for whom to produce goods

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6
Q

Complementary goods

A

Negative XED; if good B becomes more expensive, demand for good A falls

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7
Q

Consumer goods

A

Goods bought and demanded by households and individuals

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8
Q

Consumer surplus

A

The difference between the price the consumer is willing to pay and the price they actually pay

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9
Q

Cross elasticity of demand (XED)

A

The responsiveness of demand for one good (A) to a change in price of another good (B)
%change in QD of A/
%change in P of B

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10
Q

Demand

A

The quantity of a good/service that consumers are able and willing to buy at a given price at a given moment of time

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10
Q

Division of labour

A

When labour becomes specialised during the production process so do a specific task in cooperation with other workers

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10
Q

Diminishing marginal utility

A

The extra benefit gained from consumption of a good generally declines as extra units are consumed; explains why the demand curve is downward sloping

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11
Q

Economic problem

A

The problem of scarcity; wants are unlimited but resources are finite so choices have to be made

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12
Q

Efficiency

A

When resources are allocated optimally, so every consumer benefits and waste is minimised

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13
Q

Enterprise

A

One of the four factors of production; the willingness and ability to take risks and combine the three other factors of production

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14
Q

Equilibrium price/quantity

A

Where demand equals supply so there are no more market forces bringing about change to price or quantity demanded

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15
Q

Excess demand

A

When price is set too low so demand is greater than supply

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16
Q

Excess supply

A

When price is set too high so supply is greater than demand

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17
Q

Externalities

A

The cost or benefit a third party receives from an economic transaction outside of the market mechanism

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18
Q

External cost/benefit

A

The cost/benefit to a third party not involved in the economic activity; the difference between social cost/benefit and private cost/benefit

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19
Q

Free market

A

An economy where the market mechanism allocates resources so consumers and producers make decisions about what is produced, how to produce and for whom

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20
Q

Free rider principle

A

People who do not pay for a public good still receive benefits from it so the private sector will under-provide the good as they cannot make a profit

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21
Q

Government failure

A

When government intervention leads to a net welfare loss in society

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22
Q

Habitual behaviour

A

A cause of irrational behaviour; when consumers are in the habit of making certain decisions

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23
Q

Incidence of tax

A

The tax burden on the taxpayer

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24
Q

Income elasticity of demand (YED)

A

The responsiveness of demand to a change in income %change in QD/
%change in Y

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25
Q

Indirect tax

A

Taxes on expenditure which increase production costs and lead to a fall in supply

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26
Q

Inferior goods

A

YED<0; goods which see a fall in demand as income increases

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27
Q

Information gap

A

When an economic agent lacks the information needed to make a rational, informed decision

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28
Q

Information provision

A

When the government intervenes to provide information to correct market failure

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29
Q

Labour

A

One of the four factors of production; human capital

30
Q

Land

A

One of the four factors of production; natural resources such as oil, coal, wheat, physical space

31
Q

Luxury goods

A

YED>1; an increase in incomes causes an even bigger increase in demand

32
Q

Market failure

A

When the free market fails to allocate resources to the best interest of society, so there is an inefficient allocation of scarce resources

33
Q

Market forces

A

Forces in free markets which act to reduce prices when there is excess supply and increase them when there is excess demand

34
Q

maximum price

A

A ceiling price which a firm cannot charge above

35
Q

mixed economy

A

Both the free market mechanism and the government allocate resources

35
Q

minimum price

A

A floor price which a firm cannot charge below

36
Q

model

A

A hypothesis which can be proven or tested by evidence; it tends to be mathematical whilst a theory is in words

37
Q

negative externalities of production

A

Where the social costs of producing a good are greater than the private costs of producing the good

38
Q

non-excludable

A

A characteristic of public goods; someone cannot be prevented from using the good

39
Q

non-renewable resources

A

Resources which cannot be readily replenished or replaced at a level equal to consumption; the stock level decreases over time as they are consumed

40
Q

non-rivalry

A

A characteristic of public goods; one person’s use of the good does not prevent someone else from using it

41
Q

normal goods

A

YED>0; demand increases as income increases

42
Q

normative statement

A

Subjective statements based on value judgements and opinions; cannot be proven or disproven

43
Q

opportunity cost

A

The value of the next best alternative forgone

44
Q

perfectly price elastic good

A

PED/PES=Infinity; quantity demanded/supplied falls to 0 when price changes

45
Q

perfectly price inelastic good

A

PED/PES=0; quantity demanded/supplied does not change when price changes

46
Q

positive externalities of consumption

A

Where the social benefits of consuming a good are larger than the private benefits of consuming that good

47
Q

positive statement

A

Objective statements which can be tested with factual evidence to be proven or disproven

48
Q

possibility production frontier (PPF)

A

Depicts the maximum productive potential of an economy, using a combination of two goods or services, when resources are fully and efficiently employed

49
Q

price elasticity of demand (PED)

A

The responsiveness of demand to a change in price %change in QD/%change in P

50
Q

price elasticity of supply (PES)

A

The responsive of supply to a change in price %change in QD/
%change in P

51
Q

price mechanism

A

The system of resource allocation based on the free market movement of prices, determined by the demand and supply curves

52
Q

private cost/benefit

A

The cost/benefit to the individual participating in the economic activity

53
Q

Private goods

A

Goods that are rivalry and excludable

54
Q

producer surplus

A

The difference between the price the producer is willing to charge and the price they actually charge

55
Q

public goods

A

Goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalry

56
Q

rationality

A

Decision-making that leads to economic agents maximising their utility

57
Q

regulation

A

Laws to address market failure and promote competition between firms

58
Q

relatively price elastic good

A

When PED/PES>1; demand/supply is relatively responsive to a change in price so a small change in price leads to a large change in quantity demanded/supplied

59
Q

relatively price inelastic good

A

When PED/PES<1; demand/supply is relatively unresponsive to a change in price so a large change in price leads to a large change in quantity demanded/supplied

60
Q

renewable resources

A

Resources which can be replenished, so the stock of resources can be maintained over a period of time

61
Q

scarcity

A

The shortage of resources in relation to the quantity of human wants

62
Q

social cost/benefit

A

The cost/benefit to society as a whole due to the economic activity

63
Q

social optimum position

A

Where social costs equals social benefits; the amount which should be produced/consumed in order to maximise social welfare

64
Q

social science

A

The study of societies and human behaviour

65
Q

specialisation

A

The production of a limited range of goods by a company/country/individual so they aren’t self-sufficient and have to trade with others

66
Q

specific tax

A

A tax imposed on a good where the value of the tax is dependent on the quantity that is bought

67
Q

state provision of goods

A

Through taxation, the government provides public goods or merit goods which are underprovided in the free market

68
Q

subsidy

A

Government payments to a producer to lower their costs of production and encourage them to produce more

69
Q

substitutes

A

Positive XED; if good B becomes more expensive, demand for good A rises

70
Q

supply

A

The ability and willingness to provide a particular good/service at a given price at a given moment in time

71
Q

symmetric information

A

Where buyers and sellers both have access to the same information

72
Q

trade pollution permits

A

Licenses which allow businesses to pollute up to a certain amount. The government controls the number of licenses and so can control the amount of pollution. Businesses are allowed to sell and buy the permits which means there may be incentive to reduce the amount they pollute

73
Q

unitary price elastic good

A

When PED/PES=1; a change in price leads to a change in output by the same proportion

74
Q

utility

A

The satisfaction derived from consuming a good

75
Q

weakness at computation

A

A cause of irrational behaviour; when consumers are bad at making calculations, estimating probabilities and working out future benefits/costs

A Level Economics (2 decks)

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