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Module 102 > Theme 1 : Histology > Flashcards

Theme 1 : Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Germ line cells

A

reproductive cells (ovocytes/eggs, spermatozoa)

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2
Q

How are tissues received in the laboratory?

A

in fixative (mostly formalin = 10% formaldehyde in H2O)

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3
Q

What does Fixation do?

A

Prevents autolysis (self-digestion)
ensures preservation (e.g. protein preservation)
hardens the tissue for cutting

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4
Q

How do we process tissues into a wax block?

A

Saturation in alcohol removes water
Saturation in xylene removes alcohol
Saturation in paraffin removes xylene

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5
Q

What is Immunohistochemistry?

A

A way to detect proteins on/in cells or tissues

An antibody is labelled with a brown marker dye / indicator
That means: Brown slide = protein present
Blue background stain only = protein absent

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6
Q

What are the types of Epithelium cells?

A

Squamous
Glandular (columnar)
Urothelium of urinary tract
Endothelium of vessels
mesothelium/serosa

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7
Q

What are the 6 types of tissues?

A

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Neural tissue
Germ line cells
Blood

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8
Q

What are Epithelium cells?

A

The cells covering a surface (internal or external)

The underlying basement membrane

Solid organs are often mostly composed of epithelial tissues e.g. liver, kidneys, glands, … + stroma

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9
Q

Squamous epithelium properties

A

protective

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10
Q

glandular epithelium properties

A

productive (glandular secretions)

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11
Q

Urothelium epithelium properties

A

waterproof and stretchable

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12
Q

mesothelium epithelium properties

A

lines large body cavities (pleura, serosa)

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13
Q

endothelium epithelium properties

A

lines blood vessels and lymphatic channels

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14
Q

What are the examples that show epithelium cells interface between biological compartments?

A

high cell turnover
regulation of molecular exchanges
sensory functions, immune functions

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15
Q

Epithelium cells originate from…

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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16
Q

Ingrowths of epithelium specialize to form…

A

glands and ducts

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17
Q

Describe the cells in the cervix

A

squamous and glandular / columnar epithelium next to each other

glandular / columnar epithelium produces mucin

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18
Q

What are the options of shape or morphology when classifying epithelia?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal/columnar
Simple
Stratified
Ciliated
Keratinising

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19
Q

What are the options of function when classifying epithelia?

A

Glandular (secretions)
Neuroendocrine

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20
Q

What are the options of location when classifying epithelia?

A

Urothelium
Endothelium
Mesothelium

21
Q

What is Simple epithelia? Can you give examples (5)

A

One layer and basement layer

endothelium
mesothelium
kidney tubules
alveoli
respiratory tract

22
Q

Give the subclassification and sites of squamous epithelium cells

A

simple - endothelium, loop of henle
stratified - oesophagus
stratified, keratinising - skin (epidermis)

23
Q

Give the subclassification and sites of cuboidal epithelium cells

A

Simple - surface of ovary
Stratified - larger ducts of exocrine glands

24
Q

Give the subclassification and sites of columnar epithelium cells

A

Simple - gallbladder
Pseudostratified, ciliated - Fallopian tubes

25
Q

> 1 layer+bm means

A

stratified means that the higher layers have NO connection to the basement membrane

26
Q

Describe Epithelium structure (4)

A

Cells are polarized basal (to the bm) / apical (to the surface)

Basement membrane (collagen)

Cells are adherent to each other

Cytokeratin intermediate filaments within the cytoplasm

27
Q

In the epithelium structure, what does the property of the cells being adherent to each other do?

A

tight junctions to seal borders
desmosomes for strength
gap junctions to allow transfer of molecules

28
Q

Cytokeratin intermediate filaments within the cytoplasm…

A

to provide internal scaffold

29
Q

What are cytokeratins?

A

intermediate filaments of epithelia

30
Q

CK5/6

A

squamous epithelium e.g. oesophagus

31
Q

CK14

A

squamous epithelium e.g. skin

32
Q

CK7 (2)

A

glandular epithelium e.g. breast
urothelium

33
Q

CK20 (2)

A

glandular epithelium e.g. colon
urothelium umbrella cells

34
Q

What are the subclassifications of glandular epithelium? Can you give an example for each one?

A

Simple - Colon
Compound - breast

35
Q

What are the subclassifications of glandular epithelium (solid organs) ? Can you give an example for each one?

A

Exocrine - pancreas (acinar tissue)
Endocrine - pancreas (islets of langerhans)

36
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands with no ducts
Secretion into the blood

37
Q

How are glands formed from?

A

Specialized cuboidal/columnar epithelial cells with a secretory ability/function.

38
Q

What are glands never?

A

Squamous

39
Q

Which glands have ducts?

A

Exocrine glands

40
Q

Describe the layers in blood vessels (from inside the lumen to outside)

A

Intima
IEL - internal elastic lamina
Media
EEL - extrenal elastic lamina
Adventitia

41
Q

What does the initma consists of

A

Simple layer of endothelium and loose connective tissue

42
Q

What is the IEL and EEL made of?

A

elastin

43
Q

What does the media layer consist of?

A

circumferential smooth muscle

44
Q

What does the adventitia layer consist of?

A

Collagen and little arteries, veins and nerves to supply the vessel wall tissues - these are called vasa vasorum

45
Q

What are the types of arteries?

A

Elastic arteries (large caliber)

Muscular arteries (medium caliber)

Arterioles (small caliber)

46
Q

Where are elastic arteries found?

A

Aorta, large pulmonary arteries

47
Q

Where are muscular arteries found?

A

Main distributing branches e.g. cerebral and coronary muscles

48
Q

Describe the composition of veins

A

No elastica layers
Thin walled
Valves

Module 102 (11 decks)

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