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YEAR 2 S2 IMMUNO > Theme 1 - cells > Flashcards

Theme 1 - cells Flashcards

1
Q

cells involved in immunity are derived from what?

A

self renewing STEM CELLS in bone marrow

- differentiate under influence of GROWTH FACTORS into PLURIPOTENT STELL CELLS and then PROGENITOR CELLS

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2
Q

what are the progenitor cells for leukocytes

A

MYELOID andLYMPHOID (others suspected)

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3
Q

what are the granulocytes

A

BASOPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, NEUTROPHILS

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4
Q

myeloid progenitor gives rise to what

A
  • erythroid CFU
  • megakaryocyte
  • basophil CFU
  • eosinophil CFU
  • granulocyte-monocyte CFU
  • pluripotent stem cell
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5
Q

pluripotent stem cell gives rise to

what does that give rise to

A

lymphoid progenitor which gives rise to:

  • NKT cell
  • NK cell
  • B cell
  • T cell
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6
Q

what do erythroid CFU cells give rise to

A

erythrocytes

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7
Q

what do megakaryocytes give rise to

A

platelets

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8
Q

what do basophil CFU give rise to

A

basophils

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9
Q

what do eosinophil CFU cells give rise to

A

eosinophils

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10
Q

what do granulocyte-monocyte CFU cells give rise to

A
  • neutrophils
  • dendritic cells
  • monocytes—>macrophages
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11
Q

which growth factors are req for the development of progentor cells

A
  • CYTOKINES (or interleukins-IL)

- COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS (CSF- within bone marrow and later in tissues)

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12
Q

T cells have what on them

A

CD3

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13
Q

B cells have what on them

A

CD19, CD21

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14
Q

monocytes have what on them

A

CD14

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15
Q

what does CD stand for in identifying cells

A

cluster of differentiation

- the specific molecules they express are used

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16
Q

what do myeloid progenitor cells give rise to

A

POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES/GRANULOCYTES (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

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17
Q

in tissues monocytes become what

A

macrophages

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18
Q

describe neutrophils

  • size
  • lifespan
  • what % of granulocytes are neutrophils
  • function
  • most important in what
A
  • large (10-20 microns diameter)
  • live 2-3 days
  • 90% of granulocytes are neutrophils
  • neutral staining cytoplasmic granules
  • phagocytic, kill bacteria bby MICROBICIDAL mechanisms
  • secrete NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps)
  • v imp in NON VIRAL inf
  • have recepotors for antibody
19
Q

describe eosinophils

A
  • cont PROMINENT GRANULES wich stain red w/ EOSIN and composed of a crystalline core which is cytotoxic for parasites
  • important in immunity to HELMINTH (parasite) inf
  • PHAGOCYTIC
  • has receptors for IgE antibody
20
Q

describe basophils

A
  • <0.2% of WBC
  • only go into tissues during inflammation
  • when stimulated, release substances that promote INFLAMMATION
  • important in allergy
  • not thought to phagocytose
  • have receptors for antibody
21
Q

describe mast cells
- where did they mature to become mast cells
found where
important where

A
  • immature cells in blood, mature in tissues
  • types vary with location and contents of granules
  • found in CONNECTIVE and MUCOSAL tissues
  • important in ALLERGY: release activating factors eg HISTAMINE and has receptors for IgE (antibody)
22
Q

what is IgE

A

Immunoglobin E

antibodies produced by the immune system if allergen present

23
Q

describe monocytes

A

MC

  • in blood 1-2 days
  • mononuclear
  • PHAGOCYTIC
24
Q

describe macrophages

A
  • monocytes mature to macrophages in tissues
  • up to 10x larger than MCs
  • can live months or years
  • characteristics are tissue dep
  • PHAGOCYTIC
  • adherent
25
Q

what are the similar characteristics of monocytes and macrophages

A
  • use MICROBICIDAL mechanisms inc ENZYMES
  • secrete GFs, chemicals and activation factors
  • identified by surface molecules (CD14 and CD15 on monocytes)
  • reocgnising foreign materal useing surface receptors, engulf material, and PRESENTING it to other immune cells
  • 2 major sub groups
26
Q

what are the 2 major sub groups of macrophages

A

M1 AND M2 (more suspected)

27
Q

what is the macrophage type dependent on

give examples

A

tissue location

  • Kupffer cells in liver
  • Mesangial cells in kidneys
  • Histocytes in connective tissue
  • Osteoclasts in bone
  • Alveolar macrophages in lung
  • Microglial cells in brain
28
Q

describe dendritic cells

A
  • irregular shape
  • usually myeloid derived
  • IMMATURE: capture Ag and migrate to LYMPHOID tissues where they mature and present foreign molecules to T cells
  • ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
29
Q

what are the subtypes of dendritic cells

A

Langerhans cells (skin)
Interdigitating
plasmacytoid
follicular DCs (usually fibroblasts)

30
Q

describe megakaryocytes

A
  • if mature = POLYPLOIDY
  • remain in bone marrow
  • give rise to PLATELETS by CYTOPLASMIC FRAGMENTATION
31
Q

describe platelets

A
  • anucleated
  • contractile
  • aherere to other cells and surfaces
  • role in blood coagulation
32
Q

what does a lymphoid progenitor cell give rise to

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
  • NK cells
  • NKT cells
  • innate lymphoid cells
33
Q 
describe lymphoid progenitor cells 
size 
what do they give rise to 
structure 
after stimulation
A
  • gives rise to lymphocytes
  • 20-30% of PERIPHERAL WBC
  • 6-10 microns in diameter
  • large nucleus
  • small halo of cytoplasm

after STIMULATION by Ag they beocme EFFECTOR or MEMORY cells

  • T or B cells
  • those that pass to THYMUS mature there and become T cells
  • those that stay in BONE MARROW become B cells
34
Q

describe B cells

  • where do they differentiate/mature
  • how do they bind foreign molecules
  • what do they express as markers
  • what do they differentiate into
  • what are the subgroups
A
  • remain in bone marrow to differentiate
  • taught to not recognise self molecules
  • have antibody or immunoglobin molecules anchored to cell membrane forming B CELL RECEPTOR BCR) which binds foreign molecules
  • express CD19 and CD21 markers
  • when activated differentiate into MEMORY CELLS or PLASMA cells and secrete antibody OR suppressor cells
  • subgroups: B1 and B2
35
Q

describe T cells

  • where do they mature
  • what do they have on their surface
  • what markers do they epxress
  • what are the subgroups
A
  • move to thymus to educated to not recognise self molecules and mature
  • have T CELL RECEPTOR (alpha and beta strand) on surface to recognise/bind foreign material
  • have marker CD3
  • 2 main subgroups: CD4+ (helper) and CD8+ (cytotoxic)
36
Q

describe helper T cells

A
  • express CD4 and CD3
  • activated to secrete CYTOKINES in immune respones
  • 2 main subgroups: TH1 & TH2
37
Q

describe cytotoxic T cells

A
  • express CD8 and CD3
  • activated to KILL infected targets or to become memory cells
  • CYTOTOXIC- kill via release of granule contents (PERFORINS and GRANZYMES) or through induction of apoptosis
38
Q

describe Regulatory T cells

A
  • express CD4+, some CD8+
  • either SUPPRESS or ACTIVATE immune respones via direct cell contact or secretion of soluble factors (cytokines)
  • 2 main types: NATURAL or inducible
39
Q

describe γ/𝛿 T cells

A
  • TCR formed of γ/𝛿 chain
  • CD4 and CD8
  • recognise lipid antigens
40
Q

what are the 2 main groups of innate lymphoid cells

A

NKT cells

  • have TCR and kill target cells in a similar way to cytotoxic T cells
  • make GFs and signalling molecules

Innate Lymphoid cells
(ILC1, 2, 3) and NK cells

41
Q

what is the role of innate lymphoid cells and large granular lymphocytes

A

play role between innate and adaptive immunity

42
Q

describe innate lymphoid cells and large granular lymphocytes

A
  • 4% of WBC
  • larger than lymphocytes, have granular cytoplasm
  • kill TUMOURS and VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS and have roles in innate immune respones at SKIN/MUCOSA
43
Q

describe NK cells

A
  • no TCR but several other receptors to recognise self vs non self
  • inc receptors for: GFs, antibody and activatory/inhib receptors
44
Q

describe innate lymphoid cells

A
  • no TCR
  • 3 groups: 1( inc NKs), 2 and 3
  • similar properties to TH1, TH2 and regulatory |T cells
  • secrete cytokines
  • found in skin and mucosa during innate responses

YEAR 2 S2 IMMUNO (14 decks)

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