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104 final > Theme 1 anatomy > Flashcards

Theme 1 anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

A

Majority of gut, including most of epithelium and glands of digestive tract

Muscular layers

Epithelium at extremities
of tract (cranial and caudal
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2
Q

Primitive gut

  • formed by
  • membranes
A

Formed by 2 folds: Cranial-caudal and lateral

Week 4: Cranial and caudal ends closed by bucco-pharyngeal and cloacal membranes

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3
Q

Primitive gut formed by

A

Cranial-caudal and lateral folds

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4
Q

Gut divisions

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

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5
Q

Foregut [5]

A 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Proximal half Duodenum
Liver
Pancreas
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6
Q

Midgut [6]

A

Distal half duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Cecum, Asc. + ¾ Transv. Colon

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7
Q

Hindgut [4]

A

¼ Transv. + Desc. + Sigmoid Colon & rectum

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8
Q

Primitive gut held by

A

mesenteries

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9
Q

Mesenteries [3]

A

Formed by double layer of peritoneum

Dorsal or mesentery

Suspend gut organs

Pathway for blood, innervation, lymphatics to reach gut

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10
Q

Ventral mesentery [3]

A

Degrades except for foregut

  • ligament around liver
  • falciform ligament
  • lesser omentum
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11
Q

Lesser omentum [2]

A

Attach lesser curvature stomach to back of liver

Free edge

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12
Q

Dorsal mesentery [5]

A

Attach gut organs to posterior abdominal wall

  • gastrosplenic
  • lienorenal
  • greater omentum
  • mesentery of SI and LI
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13
Q

Abdomen [2]

A

Trunk below diaphragm

Abdominopelvic: abdomen proper + greater pelvis

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14
Q

External abdomen wall [2]

A

Flat abdominal muscle

Lumbar vertebral column

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15
Q

External oblique [4]

A

Outer surface of lower 8 ribs to

  • linea alba
  • iliac crest
  • pubic tubercle
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16
Q

Internal oblique [4]

A

Lat 1/3 inguinal ligament and ant 2/3 of iliac crest

to

Linea alba
Costal margin
Crest of pubic bone

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17
Q

Transversus abdominis [4]

A

From: lat 1/3 inguinal ligament
int surf lower 6 ribs
iliac crest

To: linea alba
crest of pubic bone

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18
Q

Rectus abdominis [3]

A

From: pubic symphysis + crest
To: xyphoid process
5th-7th costal cartilages

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19
Q

VAN of anterior abdominal wall

A

Arteries: Sup and Inf epigastric, intercostal,
circumflex iliac

Veins: thoracoepigastric
(between lat thoracic and Sup epigastric)

Nerves: Thoracoabdominal nerves (also thoracic
and subcostal nerves for rectus abdominis)

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20
Q

Anterior abdominal wall functions [4]

A

Ext Obl: work with Int Obl for torsional movement of trunk

Int Obl: flex and rotate trunk; compress viscera

Transv Abd: compress and support viscera

Rectus Abd: flexes trunk; compress viscera

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21
Q

Inguinal canal passage for [4]

A
  • spermatic cord to reach the scrotum in the male
    • the round ligament of the uterus to reach the labia majora in the female

Limited by the superficial and deep inguinal rings (DR)

For both genders the genital nerve (a branch from the genitofemoral) and other blood and lymphatic vessels also travel through this canal

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22
Q

Spermatic cord consists of [5]

A

vas deferens, gonadal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and the cremaster muscle

23
Q

Spermatic cord passes through the abdominal wall and takes sleeve from [3]

A

transversalis fascia => contributes the innermost covering of the spermatic cord – the internal spermatic fascia

internal oblique => contributes the middle covering layer to the cord – the cremasteric fascia

the external oblique => contributes the outer covering of the cord – the external spermatic fascia

24
Q

Anatomical subdivisions

  • Upper Right & Left
  • Upper Middle
  • Middle Right & Left
  • Lower Right & Left
  • Lower Middle
A
  • Hypochrondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Lumbar
  • Inguinal (iliac)
  • Hypogastric (pubic)
25
Right upper contents [6]
``` Duodenum Gallbladder Asc & Transverse colon Hepatic flexure of colon Pancreas head R liver lobe ```
26
Left upper contents [6]
``` Splenic flexure of colon Transverse and Desc colon Stomach Spleen Pancreas body L liver lobe ```
27
Right lower contents [4}
Caecum Appendix Small intestine Asc colon
28
Left lower contents {3}
Small intestine | Sigmoid and desc colon
29
Oral cavity [5]
``` Teeth Palate - nasal cavity Tongue Salivary glands Pharynx ```
30
Oesophagus [5]
``` Pierce diaphragm Open to stomach 25 cm Posterior to trachea Muscular wall ``` Gaster Most dilated of alimentary canal Between oesophagus and SI Curvature and surfaces - 2 openings
31
Stomach [8]
Gaster Most dilated of alimentary canal Between oesophagus and SI Curvature and surfaces - 2 openings Cardial and pyloric Lesser curvature = superior border Greater curvature = inferior border Lognitudinal, circular and oblique muscle layers
32
Small intestine [4]
Convoluted tube 5m Pylorus -> ileocaecal junction 3 subdivisions: duodenum, ileum and jejunum
33
Duodenum [3]
Retroperitoneal 4 parts: horizontal and superior Duct (pancreas and gallballder) -> duodenal-jejunal flexure
34
Jejunum/ileum [3]
3m Duodenal-jejunal flexure -> ileocael junction One attached and one free edge
35
Large intestine [4]
1.5m End ileum to anus 4 parts: Transverse and sigmoid Asc and desc = retroperitoneal
36
Sup mesenteric branches [4]
Middle and right colic Ileocaecal Jejunal and ileal branches Distal part duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
37
Inferior mesenteric [4]
Distal 1/3 transverse colon to half way down anal canal Left colic Sigmoid Superior rectal
38
Lymphatics - mesenteric
Superior mesenteric nodes Inferior mesenteric nodes
39
Autonomic innervation - sympathetic - parasympathetic
Symp: Splanchnic n and symp trunk and ganglia Parasym: Vagus n and pelvic splanchnic
40
Liver functions [4]
detoxification protein synthesis production of bile – accessory GI organ glycogen storage
41
Liver location
Located below diaphragm: mostly the right hypochondrium & epigastrium, but extends into left hypochondrium
42
Liver - ant view - posterior view - Peritoneum cover
Ant: Left and right Post: Quadrate and caudate Bare area - connects with diaphragm Falciform (ant) and lesser omentum (post) Porta hepatis - divides the quadrate and caudate lobes
43
Peritoneal folds [4]
``` Falciform lig: links diaphragm to upper surface liver ligamentum teres (aka round ligament) at lower end ``` Round lig: obliterated left umbilical vein extends to umbilicus Coronary lig: LInk diaphragm to liver Lesser omentum: Link liver to stomach
44
Falciform lig
``` links diaphragm to upper surface liver ligamentum teres (aka round ligament) at lower end ```
45
Round lig
obliterated left umbilical vein | extends to umbilicus
46
Coronary lig
Link diaphragm to liver
47
Lesser omentum [4]
Lesser curvature to porta hepatis Free margin (ventral mesentery) Enclose: hep artery, portal vein, bile duct and lymph vessel Close to stomach and enclose gastric arteries and veins
48
Blood supply to gut [3]
Foregut - Coeliac artery and branch Midgut - superior mesenteric artery Hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery
49
Blood supply to liver [4]
``` Coeliac artery (trunk or axis) - Left gastric, splenic and hepatic ``` T12/L1 level Also supply duodenum and pancreas
50
Hepatic artery variations
right hepatic artery replaced to the SMA left hepatic artery replaced to the left gastric artery trifurcation of the common hepatic artery right hepatic artery left hepatic artery gastroduodenal artery (GDA
51
Porta hepatis
``` Entry / exit point for hepatic portal vein hepatic artery proper common hepatic duct nerves and lymphatics Hilum of liver - visceral surface ```
52
Liver lobule
Branches of hep artery and vein carry blood into sinusoid + bile duct = portal triad (corners) hexagon shaped and contain hepatocytes
53
Hepatocytes [4]
Synthesis and release plasma proteins into blood albumin clotting factors complement cascade components Deaminates amino acids – urea into blood Bilirubin to bile pigment Bile salts – emulsification of fats

104 final (15 decks)

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