Theme 1: Anatomy Flashcards
what artery does the pterion overly?
middle meningeal artery- vulnerable to rupture causing extradural haemorrhage
what is the bregma and lambda?
the bregma is the location of the anterior fontanelle in neonates
the lambda is the location fo the posterior fontanelle
which cranial nerves exit vis the superior orbital fissure?
CNIII- oculomotor
CNIV- trochlear
CNV1- opthalmic branch of trigeminal
CNVI- abducens
which cranial nerve passes through the cribiform plate?
CNI- olfactory nerve
which foramina do the maxillary and mandibular branches of CNV pass through?
CNV2 (maxillary)- foramen rotundum
CNV3 (mandibular)- foramen ovale
which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
CNVII- facial nerve
CNVIII- vestibulocochlear
which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
CNIX- glossopharyngeal
CNX- vagus
CNXI- accessory spinal nerve
which cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?
CNXII- hypoglossal canal
where does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere- medial frontal and parietal lobe and the cignulate gyrus and corpus callosum
which artery supplies the anterior circulation of the brain?
internal carotid artery
which artery supplies the posterior circulation of the brain?
the vertebral arteries which are branches of the subclavian
where does the middle cerebral artery supply?
the majority of the lateral cerebrum- lateral frontal, paretial and temporal lobes
which artery is formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
where does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
inferomedial temporal lobe
occipital lobe
how is cerebral blood flow controlled?
CBF is controlled by auto regulation:
if cerebral perfusion pressure increases vasoconstriction occurs decreasing CBF
if CPP decreases vasodilation occurs increasing CBF
only works within the autoregulatory limit- outside this CBF is dependant on MAP
where is brocas area and what is its function?
located in the inferior frontal gyrus. supplied by MCA
involved in the motor programming of speech (expressive component of language)
where is wernickes area and what is its function?
located in the superior temporal gyrus- supplied by MCA
involved in language comprehension (receptive component of language)
what is the arcuate fasiculus?
bundle of association fibres connecting wernickes and brocas areas
describe the pathway involved in the processing of speech?
information from the primary auditory cortex (or primary visual cortex) is sent to the association cortex. from there information is sent to wernickes area and then via the arcuate fasiculus to brooks area. from here fibres project to motor cortices
what is the cause and features of brocas aphasia?
lesion to inferior frontal gyrus
features- slow speech, word finding difficulties, impaired repetition, normal comprehension
what is the cause and features of wernickes aphasia?
lesion to superior temporal gyrus
features- impaired comprehension, addition of extra/made up words to sentences, normal fluidity of speech
what is the cause and features of conduction aphasia?
lesion to arcuate fasiculus
features- impaired repetition, insertion of words that sound similar but are not correct, comprehension and fluidity intact
what are the stages involved int the production of speech?
- respiration- exhalation required for speech
- phonation- air passed through closed vocal folds, vibrations along the vocal folds allow sound production
- resonance- modification of sound in the pharyngeal/oral/nasal cavity
- articulation- further modification of sound using other structures
what are active and passive articulators?
active articulators include the tongue, lower lip lip and soft palate- they move
passive articulators include the upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge and hard palate- they do not move but provide a fixed point for other structures to move against
