Theme 1 Flashcards
1.1 A country which is over-populated:
Bangladesh - general facts
- 1132 people/km squared
- Growth rate is 1.6% per year (fairly high)
- $2,100 GDP per capita
- Infant mortality rate is 4.3/1000 live births
- 2.10 births per woman 2016, down from 2.24 in 2012
1.1 A country which is over-populated:
Bangladesh - causes
Lack of availability and knowledge of contraceptives leading to higher BR. Government is attempting to change this through family planning.
A guaranteed income in Bangladesh is hard, so people have many children to ensure they are provided for when they are older (2.10 2016).
Females are not fully integrated into the formal economy
1.1 A country which is over-populated:
Bangladesh - effects
High population density (1132/km squared) leads to over-cultivated land. Farmers cannot afford to replenish nutrients in the soil, leading to a worse food security in the country.
Rural to Urban migration has increased. Housing is not readily available, forcing many to poorly constructed residences on city outskirts.
Jobs are scarce. More people leads to more congestion (release of NO increases), and the Government cannot afford to build a better infrastructure.
Annual Monsoon season causes devastation in densely populated areas such as the floodplains of the Ganges Delta.
1.1 A country which is over-populated:
Bangladesh - solutions
Make people aware of family planning, including the knowledge of contraceptives
Tax benefits for people with two or less children
Education on why it is better to have two or less children, and sex education for younger people.
1.1 A country which is under-populated:
Canada - general facts
- 4 people/km squared
- Growth rate is 0.77% a year
- GNI per person $43,000
- Fertility rate is 1.59
- Prevalence of contraceptives is high at 74%
- 11.2% of expenditure is on healthcare: 2 doctors per 1000 people
1.1 A country which is under-populated:
Canada - causes
Canada’s very cold climate is unfavourable for large concentrations of people, increasing migration away from the country.
Physical drawbacks often restrict development, and if people and companies find it difficult/costly to travel to an area they are reluctant to make the journey.
Accessibility to areas within the country can cause economic and trading difficulties with world markets, and the most under-populated places in Canada are far from the more settled southern parts.
1.1 A country which is under-populated:
Canada - effects
Foreign companies become very involved in the country’s economic activity as they lack the population to support a large number of major corporations.
Due to a lack of demand overall, Canada has a lower than average service provision for inhabitants. Threshold population may be too low for some services in some areas.
Higher rate of urbanisation because people tend to be living in the more settled areas rather than rural, remote, undeveloped areas (also a cause of under-population).
1.7 A rapidly growing urban area in a developing country and migration to it:
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - general facts
- 6.4 million people (2016)
- 65% of urban growth is a result of migration
- 6% of Brazil’s GDP
- 500,000 homeless people without shelter
- 750 favelas
- Largest favela (Rocinha) has 100,000 people
1.7 A rapidly growing urban area in a developing country and migration to it:
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - managing housing crisis
- Government buying land and building houses that are cheap to rent
- Providing interest-free or low-interest loans for people to build or improve homes
- Provide infrastructure and services (clean water, sewage systems, healthcare and schools) to improve quality of life
- Support small businesses to provide employment and incomes
- Teaching basic construction skills and providing low-cost building materials
1.1 A country with a low rate of population growth:
Singapore - general facts
Total population driven by Permanent Residents (ie Singaporean nationals) and Non-Residents (foreigners). This means that global / Asian economic trends (growth, decline) will have a significant and rapid impact on population growth trends.
Fertility / birth rate:
- 1980 fertility rate was 1.4, up to 1.96 in 1986
- 2016 back down to 1.2, 2018 1.18
- In 2018, birth rate decreased by 2.4% since 2016. However it is still marginally higher than the average for the last 10 years
Population is ageing:
- 2008 9.6% pop was over 65, in 2018 15.2%
- 38% of population is working-age (62% dependent). DATE?
Birth rate:
1.1 A country with a low rate of population growth:
Singapore - Policies used
Anti-population policies:
- Post-war
- ‘Stop at Two’ campaign
Pro-population policies:
- 1980s onwards
- ‘Have Three or More, If You Can Afford It’
- Tax rebates for having third child
- Pregnant women offered counselling on discouraging abortion
- Third-child families given priority over smaller families for school registration
- Children Development Account: Government put $500 into account set up for second child, and matched every $1 put in by family with $1000. For third child, this doubled
1.2 An international migration:
Syria to Germany - general facts
- Taken total of 1.4 million
- Angela Merkel opened doors to refugees
- 2011 -1.9% population growth
- Fertility rate: 1.47
