Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurobiology > Theme 1 > Flashcards

Theme 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight response. Getting ready for surge of adrenaline to start doing something

Parasympathetic: rest & digest - relaxed state, such as salivary production when thinking of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Grey Matter

  1. Role?
  2. Consists of?
A
  1. Interpreting signals
  2. Neuronal cell bodies & Dendrites: short projections at bottom of nerve body which conducts to cell body

Astroglia: many support roles such as nutrients, ion balance and repair

Microglia: defence cells removing infection and damaged cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

White matter

  1. Role?
  2. Consists of?
  3. Colour different
A
  1. Sending signals

2.
Myelinated axons: result in signals moving more faster, move from the system faster – thicker nerves

Oligodendroglia: produces the myelin sheath around neurones

Microglia

  1. contains fewer cell bodies and instead long myelinated axons = white
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of glial cells are essential in providing neurones with nutrients and structure?

A

Astroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of cells provide an active immune response in the central nervous system?

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In terms of function, how do Oligodendrocytes differ to Schwann cells?

A

Oligodendroglia produces the myelin sheath around neurones and as apposed to Schwann cells that can do it for multiple nerves in a certain area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the following keywords stand for?

  • Ipsilateral
  • Contralateral
  • Ascending/Efferent
  • Descending/Afferent
  • Somatic
  • Visceral
A

Ipsilateral: Same side

Contralateral: Opposite side

Ascending/Efferent: to brain (e.g. sensory fibre)

Descending/Afferent: away from brain

Somatic: Conscious & voluntary movement

Visceral: Background & involuntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the Lobes of the brain and give an overview of their function

A

Frontal: problem solving – thinking

Parietal: interpretation of signal, e.g. taste, smell, hearing and touch

Occipital lobe: Vision, e.g. colour, interpreting signal from both eyes

Temporal lobe: memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 main nerve fibres in teeth?

A

A-beta: light touch and proprioception
- If something was stuck in the teeth

A-delta: respond to noxious stimuli with short sharp pain
Extend out of pulp into dentine, first fibres to be stimulated
Myelinated = fast

C-fibres: unmyelinated, responsible for dull aching or burning pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the different sulcus present in the brain?

A

Parieto-occipital: separates parietal and occipital lobes

Lateral sulcus/Sylvian fissure: separates temporal and lateral lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the different important gyrus on the lateral aspect of the brain?

A

Pre-central gyrus: primary motor cortex  contralateral hemispheres

Post central gyrus: somatic sensory context  contralateral hemispheres

Occipital pole: on medial surface we have the Primary visual cortex  contralateral hemispheres – found on calcarine sulcus (usually in the depth of)

Inferior frontal gyrus = Broca’s area: Language output area

Inferior of lateral sulcus between TL & PL (SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS) = Wernicke’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the different structures found on the mid-sagittal section of the brain?

A

Thalamus: relay centre – all sensory information from body will go via thalamus to the cortex

Hypothalamus: monitors internal environment and triggers a response

Pituitary gland: Hormone release under control of the hypothalamus

Pons: bridge between brain and spinal cord

Corpus callosum: connects two hemispheres together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Approximately where are the different cranial nerves found?

A

Midbrain = 2 posterior cerebral – superior cerebellar
CN 3 & 4

Pons = 4 basilar
CN 5,6,7,8

Medulla = 4 vertebral
Cn 9,10,11,12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the development of the brain

A

Neural plate –> Formation of the neural crest & Neural fold = neural groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the neural crest form?

A

Migrate out and form derivatives, nervous type tissues – forming peripheral nerve tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a Neural Tube Defect, and list some diseases caused by neural tube defects.

A

failure of the neural tube to close, resulting in diseases such as anencephaly and spina bifida

17
Q

How might the NHS help prevent Neural tube defects occurring?

A

Providing pregnant mothers with folic acid supplements

18
Q

Name the three primary vesicles of brain development in utero.

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

19
Q

Name the five secondary vesicles of brain development in utero, and the structures of the brain they become.

A

Telencephalon- Cerebral hemispheres + lateral ventricles

Diencephalon- Thalamus + Third ventricle

Mesencephalon- Midbrain + Aqueduct

Metencephalon - Pons, Cerebellum + Upper part of fourth ventricle

Myelencephalon- Medulla + lower part of fourth ventricle

20
Q

Damage to the occipital lobe of the brain may result in what changes?

A

Loss of vision, blurred vision, general visual impairment.

21
Q

A patient presenting with difficulty in understanding spoken/written language likely has damage to what part of their brain?

A

Wernicke’s area + Brocke’s area

22
Q

What are the two major arterial blood supplies to the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries + Internal Carotid arteries

23
Q

The basilar artery is supplied by which of these arterial blood supplies?

A

Vertebral arteries

24
Q

Of the arteries of the circle of willis, which supplies blood to the retina and cranial dura?

A

Ophthalmic Artery

25
Q

What arteries from the circle of willis are branches of the internal carotid arteries?

A 
Ophthalmic Artery
Posterior Communicating Artery
Anterior Communicating Artery
Anterior Choroidal Artery 
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Middle Cerebral Artery
26
Q

What arteries from the circle of willis are branches of the Vertebral Artery?

(& List branches of the Basilar artery

A

Ant. Spinal Artery
Post. Spinal Artery
Post. Inf. Cerebellar Artery

---> Basilar Artery
Ant. Inf. Cerebellar Artery
Pontine Arteries 
Sup. Cerebellar Artery
Labyrinthine artery
--> Posterior Cerebral Artery
27
Q

Name the 3 main arteries that supply the cortex

A

Posterior Cerebral
Middle Cerebral
Anterior Cerebral

28
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid produced by?

A

Choroid Plexus (70%) + Ependymal cells found in the epithelium of the ventricles (30%)

29
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid composed of?

A

Protein, Glucose, and ions

30
Q

List four uses of Cerebrospinal Fluid.

A
  1. Allows brain to ‘float’ – reduces traction on nerves and blood vessels connected to brain
  2. Protective – cushioning
  3. Removes waste metabolites
  4. Stable ionic environment for CNS
31
Q

What are the two major ways in which a stroke develops?

A

Ischaemia (blockage) - 85% = lack of oxygen to the brain

Haemorrhage (bleeding out of artery) - 15% = blood vessels stiffen and so they cannot stretch and cannot withstand pressure – bursting

32
Q
  1. What are aneuisms?

2. How can aneurisms harm the body?

A
  1. Aneurysms are little pockets that form in the junctions of the circle of Willis, that burst
  2. The chemicals from the burst blood can cause havoc with the nerve cells in the brain
33
Q

Blockage of which artery in the circle of willis would result in locked in syndrome?

A

Basilar Artery

34
Q

Why would this blockage result in locked in syndrome?

A

It would damage the pons as:

Pontine arteries branch off the basilar artery at several points and act as the blood supply to the pons. Since the pons is the route for all ascending and descending pathways, if it is damaged it will result in paralysis.

35
Q

What is the difference in roles for Brocas & Wernicke’s areas?

A

Brocas: production of speech

Wernicke’s: comprehension of speech

Neurobiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions