Theatres Flashcards
WHAT IS A LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY?
the surgical removal of the gallbladder due to gallstones.
Gallstones are solid deposits that develop inside the gallbladder. The gallbladder collects
and stores liquid called bile, which helps the body to digest food. The gallbladder may need
to be removed if it becomes diseased or damaged, or if you have gallstones.
Description of al laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
An incision about 1 cm long is made near to the navel, and the laparoscope is
inserted in the abdomen.
Carbon dioxide gas is used to inflate the abdomen so that the surgeon can get a good
clear view of the internal organs; therefore manipulating the surgical
instrumentation is easier.
Three additional but smaller incisions are then made, two just under the right rib
area and one in the centre of the upper abdomen. These provide access points for
the different surgical instruments required.
The bile duct and the main artery that carries blood to the gallbladder are clipped to
stop the flow of bile and blood.
Instruments are then used to cut away the gallbladder from the liver, and it is
removed in a bag through one of the three smaller abdominal incisions.
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The incisions are closed with a few stitches, which will dissolve over the next few
weeks as the skin heals.
Total hip and knee replacements surgery
Artificial implants, or
prostheses, are used to replace diseased or damaged bone around joints so that patients are
able to enjoy relatively normal movement once again. The implants mimic bone shape and
can be made of metal, high density polyethylene or ceramic materials. Implants can last up
to 15 years.
The natural hip joint is a ball and socket joint which, with time, may wear out. When this
happens the joint becomes steadily more painful and eventually a hip replacement is the
only way to get rid of the pain and improve quality of life.
WHAT IS A HIP REPLACEMENT?
The aim of a hip replacement is to replace the worn out joint surfaces with new artificial
surfaces. There are many different types of hip replacement available: metal shell or cup placed with a liner inside it,
secured on to a prosthetic femoral head which is then secured to a prosthetic femoral stem.
There can be fully cemented hip replacements, uncemented hip replacements, and hybrid
hip replacements where only the stem is cemented.
What is tibia?
This is the shin bone or larger bone of the lower leg.
What is femur?
This is the thighbone or upper leg bone.
What is Patella?
This is the kneecap.
What is Cartilage?
A type of tissue that covers the surface of a bone at a joint. Cartilage helps
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reduce the friction of movement within a joint.
What is Synovial membrane?
A tissue that lines the joint and seals it into a joint capsule. The
synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid (a clear, sticky fluid) around the joint to
lubricate it.
What is a Ligament?
A type of tough, elastic connective tissue that surrounds the joint to give
support and limits the joint’s movement.
What is a tendon?
A type of tough connective tissue that connects muscles to bones and helps
to control movement of the joint.
What is a Meniscus?
A curved part of cartilage in the knees and other joints that acts as a shock
absorber, increases contact area, and deepens the knee joint.
What is TRANSURETHERAL RESECTION OF BLADDER TUMOUR (TURBT)?
a procedure used to diagnose bladder
cancer and remove any unusual growths or tumours on the bladder wall.
How is TURBT done?
During the procedure the surgeon will pass a thin, rigid, tube-like telescope called a
cystoscope into the urethra and into your bladder. They will pass sterile fluid through the
cystoscope into the bladder. This will make it easier to see the bladder wall. A camera lens at
the end of the cystoscope will send pictures from the inside of the bladder to a monitor. The
surgeon will look at these images on the monitor to locate the unusual growth or tumours on
the bladder wall.
The surgeon will put a special wire loop through the cystoscope. Using the loop, they will cut
away the tumour and a border of healthy tissue around it. The surgeon may also pass an
electric current down the wire loop to seal the wound. They will then take the cystoscope
out and pass a thin, flexible tube (catheter) into the urethra. This will be left in place for
about 24 hours.
