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Sustainability and Interdependence > The Whole Unit > Flashcards

The Whole Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Food Security?

A

The ability for populations to have access to food that is of sufficient quality and quantity.

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2
Q

Increased food production depends on factors that control plant growth

Give examples:

A

Breeding higher yielding cultivars

Use of fertilisers

Protecting crops from pests, diseases and weeds.

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3
Q

Give examples of plant crops:

A

Cereals,
Potatoes,
Root,
Legumes.

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4
Q

Give examples of how farmers can make best use of the land available:

A
  • Breeding higher yielding cultivars
  • Resistance to pests and diseases
  • Reduce competition from weeds
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5
Q

Equation for photosynthesis:

A

CO2 + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen

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6
Q

What absorbs Light energy?

A

Plant pigments: Chlorphyll a+b, carotene and xanthophyll

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7
Q

The light energy that is not absorbed is either:

A

Transmitted OR reflected

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the accessory pigments (carotene and xanthophyll)?

A

Allow greater range of wavelengths to be absorbed, and then pass the energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis/

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9
Q

Describe the electrons role within photosynthesis?

A

The absorbed light excited electrons within the pigment molecule. The electrons are then transferred to the electron transport chain which released energy to generate ATP.

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10
Q

Describe stage 1: Photolysis

A
  • Splitting of water into oxygen and hydrogen
  • Oxygen released back into the atmosphere
  • Hydrogen is bonded to co-enzyme NADP to form NADPH
  • Light dependent
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11
Q

What 2 components are carried through to stage 2: Carbon Fixation?

A
  • CO2

- NADPH

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12
Q

Describe stage 2: Carbon Fixation

A
  • Temperature dependent
  • co2 attaches to RUBP by enzyme rubisco to produce 3PG (intermediate compound)
  • 3PG combines with NADPH hydrogen ions to form G3P which is used to regenerate RUBP which produces glucose.
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13
Q

Purpose of plant and animal breeding:

A

To improve characteristics to support sustainable food production

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14
Q

Breeders develop crops and animals with:

A
  • Higher yield
  • Higher nutritional value
  • Pest and Disease resistant
  • Ability to thrive in varying environmental conditions
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15
Q

Describe field trails:

A

Field trials are carried out in a range of environments to compare performances of different cultivars and treatments.

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16
Q

Considerations of field trials:

A
  • The selection of treatment used (only one treatment can be trialed at a time)
  • Number of replicates (more replicates = more reliable results)
  • Randomisation of treatments (eliminates bias when measuring treatment effects)
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17
Q

Describe inbreeding:

A

Related animals or plants are bred for several generations until the population breeds true to the desired type

this is due to the elimination of heterozygotes

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18
Q

What does inbreeding lead to?

A

An increase in the number of individuals who are homozygous for recessive deleterious alleles - this is inbreeding depression.

19
Q

How can new alleles be introduced to a plant or animal?

A

By crossing a cultivar or breed with an individual with a different, desired genotype.

20
Q

Properties of annual weeds:

A
  • Rapid growth
  • Short life cycle
  • high seed output
  • long term seed viability
21
Q

Properties of perennial weeds:

A
  • Longer life cycle
  • Storage organs
  • vegetive reproduction
22
Q

Cultural methods of control:

A
  • Ploughing
  • Weeding
  • Crop rotation
23
Q

Biological methods of control and risks:

A

Use of a control agent eg: Predator or parasite of the pest

Control organism may become an invasive species

24
Q

Pesticides and disadvantages:

A

Selective: Have a greater effect on certain plant species (broad leaved weeds)

Systemic: Spread through the vascular system of plant + prevent regrowth

Disadvantages: Toxic to not target species, persistence within the environment and bioaccumulation

25
Q

Free range, advantages and disadvantages:

A
  • More land needed
  • More labour intensive
  • Higher price
  • Better quality of life for the animals
26
Q

Intensive farming, advantages and disadvantages:

A
  • Poor animal welfare
  • Cost effective
  • High profit as costs are low
27
Q

Behavioural indicators of poor welfare:

A
  • Stereotypy (repetitive behaviours lacking in function eg: pacing and chewing)
  • Misdirected (pecking, plucking, cross-suckling in calfs)
  • Failure in sexual / parental behaviour
  • Altered levels of activity (Apathy or hysteria)
28
Q

Describe symbiosis:

A

2 different species having co-evolved intimate relationships

29
Q

Name the 2 different symbiotic relationships:

A

Mutualistic and parasitic

30
Q

Describe mutualism and give example:

A

Relationship in which both parties benefit.

eg: herbivores and protozoa

31
Q

Describe parasitism:

A

Parasite benefits in terms of energy and resources, while the host is harmed by the loss of resources

32
Q

Name the 3 different methods of transmission for a parasite:

A

Vector, Direct contact and Secondary Host

33
Q

Describe a vector: (give an example)

A

Organism that transports parasite from 1 host to another

Eg: Mosquito is a vector for the malaria parasite.

34
Q

Describe direct Contact: (give example)

A

Hosts having physical contact

Eg: lice and ticks.

35
Q

Describe a secondary host:

A

Organism that acts as a temporary carrier of the parasite to allow completion of a life cycle.

36
Q

Describe the two different roles in social hierarchy:

A

Dominant (ritualistic threat displays)

Subordinate (appeasement behaviour to reduce conflict)

37
Q

Advantages of social hierarchy:

A
  • Increased chance of dominant animals favourable genes being passed on
  • Aggresion between group is minimised
  • Energy is conserved
38
Q

Advantages to co-operative hunting:

A
  • Higher chance of successful kill
  • Larger prey caught
  • Less energy is used
39
Q

Describe altruism:

A

A behaviour that harms the donor but benefits the recipient

Often between kin in order to keep family line of good genes

40
Q

Name the 3 components of biodiversity:

A

Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity

41
Q

Describe genetic diversity:

A

The no. + frequency of alleles within a population.

42
Q

Describe species diversity:

A

The no. of different species in an ecosystem and proportion of each species

43
Q

Describe ecosystem diversity:

A

No, of specific ecosystems within a defines area

44
Q

Threats to biodiversity:

A

Deforestation
Over exploitation
Habitat Fragmentation

Sustainability and Interdependence (1 decks)

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