The Whole Picture Flashcards
What are effects of growth hormone?
Increases protein synthesis; stimulate cell division; stimulates cells to enlarge
Releasing and release, inhibiting hormones from the ________ reach the anterior pituitary through the hypophyseal portal veins
Hypothalamus
Somatotropin is more commonly known as what hormone?
Growth hormone
What is a portal system? 
A system of veins between two capillary beds
Somatotropes
Growth Hormone (GH)
Mammatropes
PRL
Thyrotropes
TSH
Corticotropes
ACTH
Gonadotropes
FSH and LH
What are all molecular effects of growth hormone on target cells?
It increases the rate at which cells use fats as a source of energy; it stimulates liver cells to release glucose in the blood; it enhances the movement of amino acids across plasma membranes
The hypothalamus can release the hormone soma to statin, which…
Inhibit secretion of growth, hormone by the pituitary gland
Released by the anterior pituitary, the ________ hormone stimulates, cell division, increases proteins synthesis, and causes bone elongation.
Growth
Describe how secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland is controlled.
A combination of stimulating and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus controls prolactin levels
What is the role of prolactin?
It’s sustains milk, production after birth
What are target tissues of growth hormone?
Muscles; bones; adipose tissue
How does growth hormone affect the metabolism of most body cells?
It decreases the rate at which cells obtain and use glucose.
The hypothalamus secretes, prolactin inhibiting hormone, which has been identified as…
Dopamine
Does secretion of growth hormone vary during the day and if so, how?
Yes. Secretion of growth hormone peaks during sleep.
Muscle and bone cells, in particular, are targeted by…
Growth hormone
What controls prolactin secretion?
Prolactin inhibiting hormone
The hypothalamus can release the hormone somatostatin which…
Inhibit secretion of growth, hormone by the pituitary gland
The thyroid gland is the target organ of which hormone?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
What would stimulate the release of thyroid stimulating hormone?
Decreased levels of thyroid hormone; increased levels of thyrotropin, releasing hormone (TRH)
Memory glands produce milk in response to stimulation by the hormone…
Prolactin (PRL)
Another name for the thyroid stimulating hormone is…
Thyrotropin
The adrenal cortex is the largest organ of…
Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
The hypothalamus secretes, prolactin inhibiting hormone, which has been identified as…
Dopamine
The _________ regulates the secretion of ACTH by secreting corticotropin releasing hormone.
Hypothalamus
Which of the following organs contain the target cells of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone?
Testes and ovaries
What are the functions of FSH?
It stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogens ; it promotes growth and development of egg containing follicles in the ovaries; it stimulates production of sperm cells in males
What hormone promotes secretion of sex hormones in both males and females and is essential for the release of egg cells from the ovaries?
FSH
What pituitary hormone controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?
ACTH
The hypothalamus secretes _______, which stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH.
GnRH
What would result in an increased release of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Increased stress levels; increased levels of corticotropin releasing hormone; decreased levels of adrenal, cortical hormones
What hormone functions to stimulate estrogen secretion in the ovary and sperm production in the testes?
Follicle stimulating hormone
What is a function of luteinizing hormone?
It stimulates the secretion of sex, hormones in both sexes
The hypothalamus secretes ______ releasing hormone, which controls the secretion of luteinizing hormone.
Gonadotropin
The two hormones that are made by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary are ______ hormone and ________.
Antidiuretic; oxytocin
Anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin are synthesized in the ________. Nerve impulses caused their release from the ______ into the bloodstream.
Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
What are the functions of FSH?
It stimulates production of sperm cells in males; it promotes growth and development of egg containing follicles in the ovaries; it stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogens
The general term for any substance that increases urine production is…
Diuretic
ADH is an ________ that targets the_______, conserving water.
Antidiuretic; kidneys
What causes the release of ADH in oxytocin from the posterior pituitary?
Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
What is the effect of ADH?
It regulates the concentration of body fluids
Vasopressin is also known as…
ADH
ADH binds to two different types of receptors on two different target cells. As a result, it’s mechanism of action in the two types of target cells is different. What are the two mechanisms of action?
A second messenger system using cAMP; a second messenger system using inositol triphosphate
Specific neurons, located in the brain, called ___________, since changes in the concentration of body fluids, and control, the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone.
Osmoreceptors
What are the two effects of antidiuretic hormone or ADH?
Water retention; vasoconstriction
What would cause an increased release of ADH from the pituitary gland?
Increased osmotic pressure in the blood; decreased water intake; decreased blood volume
How does an anti-diuretic affect urine production?
It decreases it
Drinking alcohol, inhibits the secretion of ADH. What happens as a result of that?
Increased urination
What is another name for anti-diuretic hormone?
Vasopressin
ADH binds to V1 receptors on ______ and V2 receptors on _______.
Smooth muscle and blood vessels; collecting ducts in kidneys
What disorder is associated with ADH is in ability to conserve water through the kidneys, either due to a receptor defect or lack of ADH secretion?
Diabetes insipidus
What would cause an increase in release of ADH?
Dehydration
What are functions of oxytocin?
Stimulates uterine muscles to contract; stimulates mammary glands to release milk
Oxytocin is a hormone that may be given intravenously during induction of labor to stimulate uterine contractions.
True
Specific neurons, located in the brain, called _________, since changes in the concentration of body fluids and control, the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone.
Osmoreceptors
What are some potential rules of oxytocin and males?
It may stimulate movement of fluids in the reproductive tract during sexual activity; it may play a role during penis erection; it may stimulate sperm motility during sexual activity
What are thyroid follicles?
Sacs in the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin
