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Pregnancy, Growth and Development > The Whole Picture > Flashcards

The Whole Picture Flashcards

1
Q

What extraembryonic membrane gives rise to the umbilical blood vessels?

A

Allantois

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2
Q

During development, the amniotic cavity enlarges to the point that the amnion presses against and fuses with thechorion. This results in the formation of the…

A

Amniochorionic membrane

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3
Q

The external reproductive structures and ossification centers form during the ________ month of prenatal development.

A

Third

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4
Q

Within the umbilical cord, the vessel that carries oxygen rich blood from the placenta to the fetus, is the umbilical…

A

Vein

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5
Q

The structure that forms during the second week of development and functions to produce blood cells and precursors to the sex cells is the…

A

Yolk sac

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6
Q

What is lanugo?

A

Fine, downy hair found on newborns

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7
Q

Although slightly different in composition, fetal hemoglobin, and adult hemoglobin, had the same affinity for oxygen.

A

False

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8
Q

Which pituitary hormone promotes milk, production by memory glands.

A

Prolactin

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9
Q

The release of milk from the breast is controlled by the Neuro endocrine reflex that stimulates contraction of what cell type?

A

Myoepithelial cells

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10
Q

Identify the hormone secreted during pregnancy, that, when, at high levels, causes the ductile system of the memory glands to grow and branch.

A

Estrogens

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11
Q

The clinical term for the birth process…

A

Parturition

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12
Q

How do fraternal twins occur?

A

Fertilization of two separate oocytes

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13
Q

The ______ is a membrane and closing the fluid filled space surrounding the developing embryo

A

Amnion

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14
Q

The placenta arises from which extra embryonic membrane?

A

Amnion

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15
Q

Using cholesterol as a starting material, the placenta synthesizes the hormone _______. This hormone is then converted to _________ by the embryonic adrenal glands.

A

Progesterone; estrogen

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16
Q

Which structure, develop during the fourth week of gestation, is the precursor to the central nervous system?

A

Neural tube

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17
Q

Blood from the right atrium to the fetal heart, bypasses the lungs and flows directly into the left atrium through the…

A

Foramen ovale

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18
Q

Name the vessel, within the fetal circulation that provides a bypass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit.

A

Ductus arteriosus

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19
Q

During which period is the corpus luteum an important source of pregnancy hormones?

A

First trimester

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20
Q

List two functions of placenta lactogen.

A

Prepares the memory glands for milk production; stimulates breast development

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21
Q

At birth, increasing pressure in the left atrium leads to which structural change?

A

Closing at the foramen ovale

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22
Q

Describe the prenatal period.

A

The prenatal period is from fertilization to birth.

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23
Q

What is the amniochorionic membrane?

A

The membrane formed by the fusion of the chorion and amnion.

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24
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Union of a sperm and a second oocyte

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25
Q

The placenta arises from which extra embryonic membrane

A

Chorion

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26
Q

What is the path of sperm cells, from ejaculation to the location of the secondary oocyte?

A

Vagina; cervix; uterus; uterine tube

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27
Q

How do prostaglandins function in reproduction?

A

Prostaglandins stimulate muscle contraction in the vaginal walls, uterus, and uterine tubes.

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28
Q

Why is the secretion of estrogen important during the first part of the menstrual cycle?

A

Estrogen production leads to the secretion of a thin, watery fluid, that promotes sperm transport and survival.

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29
Q

How does progesterone affect the vaginal fluids during the latter part of the reproductive cycle (luteal phase)?

A

Progesterone causes the vaginal fluids to thicken, impeding sperm movement.

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30
Q

What happens to a fetus that was conceived by two sperm cells, penetrating one secondary oocyte?

A

It would have gross abnormalities, and would not survive.

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31
Q

Sperm cells are best able to fertilize an oocyte ______ hours after ejaculation.

A

24 to 48

32
Q

Fertilization is more likely to result, when sexual intercourse occurs _____ ovulation.

A

Within 24 hours after

33
Q

The enzyme that is associated with the sperm cell membrane, and functions to digest proteins within the Corna radiata, thus aiding the sperm and its attempt to penetrate an oocyte, is called…

A

Hyaluronidase

34
Q

What is the name of the glycoprotein membrane surrounding the oocyte that the sperm cells must first bind to, and then digest in order to reach the oocyte?

A

Zona pellucida

35
Q

What is the function of the enzymes contained within the acrosome of a sperm cell?

A

To digest the material forming the zona pellucida

36
Q

How does an oocyte prevent fertilization by more than one sperm?

A

Enzymes are released by the oocyte that harden the zona pellucida

37
Q

In order for fertilization to occur, the head of ____ sperm cell needs to enter the secondary oocyte.

A

One

38
Q

When meiosis two of oogenesis, the small, non-viable daughter cell that is formed is called a…

A

Second polar body

39
Q

What would happen if more than one sperm cell fertilized a single oocyte?

A

The zygote would have too many chromosomes

40
Q

Prior to joining as fertilization completes, the organelles of the oocyte and the sperm, called ______ contain the genetic material contributed by each parent.

A

Pro nuclei

41
Q

A single celled, fertilized egg is known as a….

A

Zygote

42
Q

The condition in which a female is carrying an offspring in her uterus is called…

A

Pregnancy

43
Q

A normal _______ . Of development lasts approximately 38 weeks.

A

Prenatal

44
Q

When the pro nuclei of a sperm cell and a secondary oocyte join a _______ is formed.

A

Zygote

45
Q

The term that refers to the cell divisions that occur in the first three days after fertilization is…

A

Cleavage

46
Q

At what point does an embryo become a fetus?

A

At about eight weeks of development

47
Q

Which of the embryonic membranes develops into the fetal portion of the placenta?

A
48
Q

What makes a cell a target of a particular hormone?

A

The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

49
Q

What term describes the union of a sperm cell with a secondary oocyte?

A

Fertilization

50
Q

Which of the following are functions of the endocrine system?

A

Regulates water, and electrolyte balance; breaks down, nutrients; causes movement of muscles; delivers oxygen; regulates, metabolism; controls, reproduction and development; provide structure removes waste; regulates growth

51
Q

What is the correct sequence of stages during the cleavage period?

A

Zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryo

52
Q

The actions of which type of hormone involved cyclic AMP?

A

Non-steroid hormone

53
Q

At which stage of development does implantation occur?

A

Blastocyst

54
Q

The time from fertilization to birth is called the _________ and the time after birth is called the __________.

A

Prenatal; postnatal

55
Q

Which of the following is true about steroid hormone?

A

Steroid hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer

56
Q

Which of the following chemical classification of hormones is derived from cholesterol?

A

Steroids

57
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

A

The endocrine system uses hormones while the nervous system uses neurotransmitters

58
Q

Peptides are formed from….

A

Amino acids

59
Q

What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor?

A

Oxytocin

60
Q

What group of cells within a goat are involved in the formation of the placenta?

A
61
Q

What term refers to the continuous process of change during the life of an individual?

A
62
Q

Which type of secretion enters the interstitial fluid and affects neighboring cells in the same tissue?

A

Paracrine secretion

63
Q

Sits on top of the kidney

A

Adrenal gland

64
Q

Found in the pelvis

A

Ovaries

65
Q

Attached to the small intestines

A

Pancreas

66
Q

Found in the neck

A

Thyroid gland

67
Q

Found in the brain

A

Pituitary gland

68
Q

Which of the following describes regulation of a hormone through negative feedback?

A

Rising levels of a hormone inhibits further secretion of the hormone

69
Q

What is the placenta membrane and what is its role?

A

Layer through which nutrients and gases are exchanged between embryonic and maternal blood

70
Q

What fetal structure shunts blood between the pulmonary artery and aorta?

A

Ductus arteriosus

71
Q

Which type of gland secretes in hormones directly into blood or body fluids?

A

Endocrine gland

72
Q

A gland in Luis’s body is secreting its product into a duct that leads to a specific part of their body. What type of gland is this?

A

Exocrine gland

73
Q

Hormones are

A
74
Q

What is the most immediate need for a newborn?

A

To obtain oxygen

75
Q

Which primary germ layer gives rise to many of the mucous membranes, including those of the digestive, tract, respiratory tract, and urethra?

A

Endoderm

Pregnancy, Growth and Development (1 decks)

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