The Western Experience - Chapter 9 Flashcards
The flowering of Medieval Civilization - Cultural developments, the states of Europe, and the Church.
“The Great Charter”; English royal charter of liberties granted by King John in 1215. Intended to settle disputes over the rights and privileges of England’s nobility.
Magna Carta
A form of argument, or dialectic, developed in the Middle Ages, particularly with Abelard and Thomas Aquinas.
Scholasticism
The art of analyzing logical relationships among propositions in a dialogue or discourse. Later, a philosophical term for Hegel, who applies the term simultaneously to both world history and ideas. It describes the development from one stage of consciousness to a superior one through a dynamic process of the fusion of contradictions into a higher truth.
dialectic
Monastic order founded in 1098; they emphasized the emotional devotion to Christ’s and Mary’s humility. Took their name from their first house at Citeau. Called the “white monks”. St. Bernard of Clairvaux.
Cistercians
Style of Western European architecture and art that developed in the twelfth century; the style is characterized by vaulting and pointed arches.
Gothic
A new code of behavior that refined the manners of knights and nobles and adapted them to life in a noble household.
Chivalry
A writer of vernacular romantic lyrics or tales who enjoyed the patronage of nobles around Europe in the twelfth through fifteenth centuries.
troubadour
Laws that applied to the entire kingdom and were thus distinct from local customs, especially associated with England.
common law
Instituted in 1231 by Pope Gregory IX, this was a special papal court to investigate and punish heresy. The accused had no right of counsel and could be tortured. The accused were considered guilty before they were even summoned to the inquisition. They could confess and repent and pay a heavy fine and lose their property. They had little chance to prove their innocence. The Inquisition itself was unable to execute people, but they released unrepentant heretics to secular authority knowing that they would be put to death.
Inquisition
Orders of religious men, followers of Sts. Dominic and Francis of Assisi, who preached among the poor townsmen and lived a life of begging.
mendicant
A form of argument, or dialectic, developed in the Middle Ages, particularly with Abelard and Thomas Aquinas.
Scholasticism
Brilliant dialectical theologian. Unfortunate lover. Wrote Historia calamitatum (Story of My Calamities). Book Sic et Non (Yes and No) was banned. Clandestine marriage to Heloise. Posing a question and then mustering arguments to support or refute it.
Peter Abelard
Most gifted of Scholastic philosophy and greatest Christian theologian since Augustine.
Thomas Aquinas
First thinker to apply dialectic to theology
St. Anselm of Canterbury
Affirmed that faith was an essential ingredient to understanding reason.
John Duns Scotus
English king who ruled much of France. Itinerant justices. Jurors of 12 good men. Father of Richard, the Lion-hearted.
Henry II
English king who preferred fighting to ruling
Richard I, the Lion-hearted
French king who regained Normandy
Philip II Augustus
German emperor who worked to control Germany. The Holy Roman Empire.
Frederick I Barbarossa
French king noted for his piety
St. Louis IX
A merchant who lived in absolute poverty and preached. He began the Waldensians who attacked the moral laxness of the clergy and denounced sacraments
Peter Waldo
Archbishop of Canterbury who opposed Henry II and forbade “double jeopardy”—a second trial and punishment for one crime
Thomas Becket
Founder of Franciscan Order
St. Francis of Assisi
The pope from 1198-1216 AD. His reign best illustrates the aspirations and the problem of the medieval church. His three major goals were the eradication of heresy, the hegemony of the papacy over Europe, and the clarification of Christian discipline and belief. Summoned the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. Started the fourth crusade. Marriage established as a sacrament. Scrutinized princely behavior. Excommunicated Philip II of France
Innocent III
German emperor who conferred sovereignty to local German governments in order to pursue his goals in Italy. Spoke six languages, loved learning, and promised to renounce his mother’s inheritance and lead a crusade to Palestine.
Frederick II Hohenstaufen
Queen of England and France and cultural leader. Courtly love - correct men on ho to win the love of a particular lady.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Author of short romance novels
Marie de France
The order founded by St. Francis of Assisi. Used a more spiritual and mystical approach than that of the intellectual Dominicans. They gave themselves primarily to preaching. It was a spiritual mission of sorts and grew rapidly. Stressed the importance of poverty and simplicity.
Franciscans
Polite relations between men and women, developed at the court of Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Courtly love
Followers of St. Dominic. Their purpose was to preach. The lived in poverty and supported themselves by begging.
Dominicans
the three Christian kingdoms that emerged from the Christian offensive on Muslim domain in the Iberian Peninsula
Portugal, Castile, and Aragon
Community of scholars, teachers, and learners. Guilds formed to protect common interests of masters and students. Masters in Paris formed a guild and received a royal charter and sanction from the Pope to confirm the guild’s autonomy and authority to license teachers.
Universities
Became the model for northern Europe. Granted the baccalaureate or bachelor of arts degree. Master’s degree involved further work and licensed the holder to teach.
University of Paris
Three principal genres: Heroic epic, troubadour, and courtly romance
Vernacular literature