The Western Experience - Chapter 9

Question 1

“The Great Charter”; English royal charter of liberties granted by King John in 1215. Intended to settle disputes over the rights and privileges of England’s nobility.

Answer 1

Magna Carta

Question 2

A form of argument, or dialectic, developed in the Middle Ages, particularly with Abelard and Thomas Aquinas.

Answer 2

Scholasticism

Question 3

The art of analyzing logical relationships among propositions in a dialogue or discourse. Later, a philosophical term for Hegel, who applies the term simultaneously to both world history and ideas. It describes the development from one stage of consciousness to a superior one through a dynamic process of the fusion of contradictions into a higher truth.

Answer 3

dialectic

Question 4

Monastic order founded in 1098; they emphasized the emotional devotion to Christ’s and Mary’s humility. Took their name from their first house at Citeau. Called the “white monks”. St. Bernard of Clairvaux.

Answer 4

Cistercians

Question 5

Style of Western European architecture and art that developed in the twelfth century; the style is characterized by vaulting and pointed arches.

Answer 5

Gothic

Question 6

A new code of behavior that refined the manners of knights and nobles and adapted them to life in a noble household.

Answer 6

Chivalry

Question 7

A writer of vernacular romantic lyrics or tales who enjoyed the patronage of nobles around Europe in the twelfth through fifteenth centuries.

Answer 7

troubadour

Question 8

Laws that applied to the entire kingdom and were thus distinct from local customs, especially associated with England.

Answer 8

common law

Question 9

Instituted in 1231 by Pope Gregory IX, this was a special papal court to investigate and punish heresy. The accused had no right of counsel and could be tortured. The accused were considered guilty before they were even summoned to the inquisition. They could confess and repent and pay a heavy fine and lose their property. They had little chance to prove their innocence. The Inquisition itself was unable to execute people, but they released unrepentant heretics to secular authority knowing that they would be put to death.

Answer 9

Inquisition

Question 10

Orders of religious men, followers of Sts. Dominic and Francis of Assisi, who preached among the poor townsmen and lived a life of begging.

Answer 10

mendicant

Question 11

A form of argument, or dialectic, developed in the Middle Ages, particularly with Abelard and Thomas Aquinas.

Answer 11

Scholasticism

Question 12

Brilliant dialectical theologian. Unfortunate lover. Wrote Historia calamitatum (Story of My Calamities). Book Sic et Non (Yes and No) was banned. Clandestine marriage to Heloise. Posing a question and then mustering arguments to support or refute it.

Answer 12

Peter Abelard

Question 13

Most gifted of Scholastic philosophy and greatest Christian theologian since Augustine.

Answer 13

Thomas Aquinas

Question 14

First thinker to apply dialectic to theology

Answer 14

St. Anselm of Canterbury

Question 15

Affirmed that faith was an essential ingredient to understanding reason.

Answer 15

John Duns Scotus

Question 16

English king who ruled much of France. Itinerant justices. Jurors of 12 good men. Father of Richard, the Lion-hearted.

Answer 16

Henry II

Question 17

English king who preferred fighting to ruling

Answer 17

Richard I, the Lion-hearted

Question 18

French king who regained Normandy

Answer 18

Philip II Augustus

Question 19

German emperor who worked to control Germany. The Holy Roman Empire.

Answer 19

Frederick I Barbarossa

Question 20

French king noted for his piety

Answer 20

St. Louis IX

Question 21

A merchant who lived in absolute poverty and preached. He began the Waldensians who attacked the moral laxness of the clergy and denounced sacraments

Answer 21

Peter Waldo

Question 22

Archbishop of Canterbury who opposed Henry II and forbade “double jeopardy”—a second trial and punishment for one crime

Answer 22

Thomas Becket

Question 23

Founder of Franciscan Order

Answer 23

St. Francis of Assisi

Question 24

The pope from 1198-1216 AD. His reign best illustrates the aspirations and the problem of the medieval church. His three major goals were the eradication of heresy, the hegemony of the papacy over Europe, and the clarification of Christian discipline and belief. Summoned the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. Started the fourth crusade. Marriage established as a sacrament. Scrutinized princely behavior. Excommunicated Philip II of France

Answer 24

Innocent III

Question 25

German emperor who conferred sovereignty to local German governments in order to pursue his goals in Italy. Spoke six languages, loved learning, and promised to renounce his mother’s inheritance and lead a crusade to Palestine.

Answer 25

Frederick II Hohenstaufen

Question 26

Queen of England and France and cultural leader. Courtly love - correct men on ho to win the love of a particular lady.

Answer 26

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Question 27

Author of short romance novels

Answer 27

Marie de France

Question 28

The order founded by St. Francis of Assisi. Used a more spiritual and mystical approach than that of the intellectual Dominicans. They gave themselves primarily to preaching. It was a spiritual mission of sorts and grew rapidly. Stressed the importance of poverty and simplicity.

Answer 28

Franciscans

Question 29

Polite relations between men and women, developed at the court of Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Answer 29

Courtly love

Question 30

Followers of St. Dominic. Their purpose was to preach. The lived in poverty and supported themselves by begging.

Answer 30

Dominicans

Question 31

the three Christian kingdoms that emerged from the Christian offensive on Muslim domain in the Iberian Peninsula

Answer 31

Portugal, Castile, and Aragon

Question 32

Community of scholars, teachers, and learners. Guilds formed to protect common interests of masters and students. Masters in Paris formed a guild and received a royal charter and sanction from the Pope to confirm the guild’s autonomy and authority to license teachers.

Answer 32

Universities

Question 33

Became the model for northern Europe. Granted the baccalaureate or bachelor of arts degree. Master’s degree involved further work and licensed the holder to teach.

Answer 33

University of Paris

Question 34

Three principal genres: Heroic epic, troubadour, and courtly romance

Answer 34

Vernacular literature