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History A Level - Germany > The Weimar Republic - Women, Minorities, Culture and Education > Flashcards

The Weimar Republic - Women, Minorities, Culture and Education Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a good way to describe the role and status of women in Weimar Germany?

A

Liberal in theory but traditional in practice

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2
Q

How did the political status of women improve?

A
  • 12th November 1918 : Women were given the right to vote
  • Turnout of women during 1st election was 90%
  • Between 1919 -1932, 112 Women were elected to the Reichstag
  • Article 109 stated that in principal women and men were equal and marriage was an equal union
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3
Q

How did the political status of women remain the same?

A
  • Women’s legal status remained the same due to the German Civil Code passed in 1900
  • No allowance of free contraception or abortion
  • Female equality and rights divided the Reichstag
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4
Q

How did work and employment improve for women

A
  • Female employment rose. By 1918, 75% of women of working age had jobs
  • Greater opportunities for women to go into higher education
  • On 1925, 2500 women doctors were in practice and this number had doubled by 1933
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5
Q

How did work and employment remain the same for women?

A
  • Gov policy was that women gave up jobs for returning soldiers
  • Only single women were supposed to work and then remain at home once married
  • Usually given lower status jobs usually poorly paid manual job (over 50%) or white collar (receptionists)
  • 33% pay gap between women and men
  • Child care wasn’t provided for women
  • Faced hostility
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6
Q

How did the concept of the New Woman show an increase of women’s social status?

A
  • Traditional female behaviour abandoned
  • Like flappers - cut hair short, wore shorter dresses, drank, smoked
  • Had more sexual freedoms, more women engaged in premarital sex
  • Supported by films and advertising industries
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7
Q

How did the reaction to the New Women show that the status of women remained the same?

A
  • Politicians and press criticised their morality
  • Faced wage and sexual discrimination
  • Called selfish for not planning for future
  • Blamed for falling birth rate
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8
Q

How did women benefit from the Great Depression?

A

Employment of Women wasn’t as badly affected as that of men as they were cheaper to employ
1932 : 33% of women were unemployed vs 46% of men

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9
Q

How did women suffer from the Great Depression?

A
  • Lead to hostility towards working women who were seen to be taking the place of a man
  • 20th May 1932 : Chancellor Brüning said all married working women whose husbands had jobs had to leave work
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10
Q

What areas of culture saw a development in Weimar Germany?

A
  • Art
  • Theatre
  • Literature
  • Architecture and design
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11
Q

How did art develop in the Weimar Republic

A
  • The New Objectives movement developed which focused more on understanding people in everyday life
  • Artist such as Dex and Georg Gros became famous - they looked a lot at the state of society in their work
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12
Q

How did theatre develop in the Weimar Republic?

A
  • The Zeit theatre movement developed
  • Bertold Brecht introduced politics into theatre. He wrote the Three Penny Opera which was a left wing look on a capitalist society
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13
Q

How did literature develop in Weimar Germany?

A
  • There were two popular styles of writing traditional/nostalgic and modern
  • Modern focuses on social issues such as the distress of the working class
  • Books such as ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ and ‘Berlin Alexander Platz’ were popular
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14
Q

How did architecture and design develop in Weimar Germany?

A
  • The Bauhaus movement developed - simple block colours, early flat pack style
  • Movement lead by Walter Gropius
  • It was simple and functional and emphasised close relation between art and technology
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15
Q

How did new culture reach ordinary people?

A
  • Development of a mass culture
  • Radio
  • Film
  • Cabaret
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16
Q

Describe the mass culture in Weimar Germany

A
  • There was a mainstream culture which spread through different mode of mass media
  • It was influenced by consumerism, advertising, jazz music and America
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17
Q

Describe the film industry in Weimar Germany

A
  • The most advanced in Europe
  • The UFA was a government ran industry ran by Alfred Hugenburg and it was composed of lost of large film studios
  • Popular films were Metropolis (1926), Gold Rush (1925) and Blue Angel (1930)
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18
Q

What was the cabaret scene like in Weimar Germany?

A
  • Clubs set up in the city
  • Entertainment included satirical comedy, jazz music and female dancer in varying degrees of nudity
  • Covered themes such as sex and politics due to the removal of gagging laws and a rise in free speech
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19
Q

How did radio enable people to engage with the new culture?

A
  • It was a method of mass communication

* 1 in 4 Germans owned a radio

20
Q

How did Weimar Germany respond to the cultural experimentation?

A
  • These changes took place mainly in cities
  • Most were horrified and said it was a decline in German moral standards
  • Right wing sympathisers criticised jazz music, the new woman and the rise of Jewish people in power
  • Society became more polarised
21
Q

What was education like in the Second Reich?

A
  • Compulsory ages 6 - 14
  • There were fee paying schools, Volksschule and Confessional Schools
  • Confesisonal schools were most popular
  • Gov have 1hr free childcare in the morning for kids age 3-5• Social mobility was hard as education was expensive and many couldn’t afford to send kids to school after they turned 14
22
Q

What did the Weimar Government want for education?

A

• A fairer system with a mixed, non confessional intake with no religious education
• A federal education law would have set out guidelines for the Länder and meet needs to the people
However the government could never agree on what they wanted for the system

23
Q

What are non- confessional schools?

A

Schools that didn’t have any religious education

24
Q

What compulsory education system did the Weimar Government set up?

A

Grundschule
• Compulsory education for kids age 6 to 10
• Allowed for parents to remove their kids from religious education. there were also no clerical inspections anymore

25
Q

What did the 1927 educational bill propose?

A

That confessional (catholic, Jewish and Protestant), common (all faiths but each taught religious education separately) and secular (no religious education) schools were set up on equal footing

26
Q

What happened with the education bill

A
  • Opposed by some such as the Volkskirche Association for Evangelical Freedom
  • Mainly supported by German people esp. groups such as the Reich Parent’s League
  • It was sent to a committee who couldn’t agree and the bill didn’t return to the Reichstag
27
Q

What was the make up of schools in Germany in 1932?

A 
29,020 Protestant
15,256 Catholic
97 Jewish
8,921 Common
295 Secular
28
Q

What type of school could you attend after the age of 10?

A

All education post 10 had to be paid for
Hauptschule - 5 years with path to trade or apprenticeship
Realschule - 6 years with path to business or technical training
Gymnasium - 9 years path to uni

29
Q

What evidence is there for continuing lack of social mobility

A

In 1928, 45% of uni students fathers were civil servants and 2.5% had fathers who were working class

30
Q

What types of university were there and what were the issues with them?

A
  • Duelling and Non Duelling
  • Duelling were seen as better but discriminated based on race or class (eg German- Aryan Chambers)
  • You chambers could decide the rest of your life path
31
Q

What evidence is there that ethnic minorities were equal and integrated in Weimar Society?

A
  • Article 113 said that people who spoke other languages couldn’t be discriminated against or prevent from preserving their national identity
  • Jewish people has a big influence in culture. 5 held cabinet posts in the cabinet
  • Black musicians and writers were accepted in cities
  • 85,000 Jewish soldier fought in the German Army during WW1 and 12,000 died
  • 1925 : 200,000 polish speakers in Germany and another 500,000 spoke both languages
  • Gov banned a no. of anti semetic organisations after Walter Rathenau’s assassination
32
Q

What evidence is there that Jewish people were unequal and segregated in Weimar Germany?

A
  • Blamed for collapse of economy and society’s hardships during depression
  • Government criticises for appointing Jewish people to high positions of power
  • Walter Rathenau’s assassination in 1922
  • Some members of the judiciary were anti-semetic and made racist remarks
  • The Nazis saw a rise in votes
  • The German Peoples Offensive and Defensive Alliance (anti- semetic group) saw membership rose from 25,000 to 170,000 between 1919-23
33
Q

What evidence is there that Black people were unequal and segregated in Weimar Germany?

A
  • Saw rising hostility after 1923 due to black army units from French colonies being mobilised to invade the Ruhr
  • 500 mixes race children born and labelled ‘Germany’s shame’
34
Q

What evidence is there that Roma people faced discrimination in Weimar Germany?

A
  • Disliked due to that fact they lived around as a community and didn’t contribute to tax or working to benefit the economy
  • Several Länder tried to pass laws to attempt to restrict the movement of gypsies
  • Bavaria introduced laws in 1926/27 that forced traveller children into schools, adults into work and them to carry identity cards
35
Q

What is the best evidence towards describing the treatment of ethnic minorities in Weimar Germany?

A

• Article 113 said that people who spoke other languages couldn’t be discriminated against or prevent from preserving their national identity
BUT
• The Länder didn’t adhere to article 113 and many discriminated against minorities
• From 1871 German nationalism and idea of Volk excluded ethnic minorities from being seen as equal

36
Q

What laws did the government pass to try to improve living standards?

A 
Reich Pension Law 
labour Exchange Law
Economic Enabling Law
Reich Social Welfare Law
Unemployment Insurance Law
37
Q

Reich Pension Law
• Date passed
• What did it state
• Who did it benefit

A
  • May 1920
  • Regulated pensions for veterans, war widows and soldiers families and were determined based on soldier jobs before they joined the army
  • Benfited people left behind
38
Q

Labour Exchange Law
• Date passed
• What did it state
• Who did it benefit

A
  • February 1922
  • Guverment offices were set up to train the unemployed and to help them fine work
  • Benefited the unemployed
39
Q

Economic Enabling Law
• Date passed
• What did it state
• Who did it benefit

A
  • February 1924
  • Restructured unemployment benefits and set the rates for employers contributions towards benefits
  • Benefited the unemployed and employees
40
Q

Reich Social Welfare Law
• Date passed
• What did it state
• Who did it benefit

A
  • February 1924
  • Pulled together different post war benefits and federal and regional relief systems (e.g. poor relief, maternity care) and set up municipal welfare offices to administer them
  • Benefited anyone idm benefits
41
Q

Unemployment Insurance Law
• Date passed
• What did it state
• Who did it benefit

A
  • July 1927
  • All worker and employees were required to contribute towards a national scheme for unemployment welfare. benefits were now given to all people out of work
  • Benefited the unemployed
42
Q

Were the standards of living of everybody in Germany look the same?

A

No, some benefitted whilst the rest of the nation suffered and some suffered whilst others benefited

43
Q

Who benefited during the hyperinflation and why?

A
  • Debtors - with the decrease of the value of the mark it became easy to pay off debt
  • black marketers - it was hard to but items in regular markets so people turned to the black markets (eg newspaper went from costing 1 mark in 1922 to 700 million in 1923)
44
Q

Who didn’t benefit during the Golden Years and why?

A
  • Poor people - unemployment doubled between 1925-1928 (3.4% to 6.3%) and peaked at 10% in 1926
  • Farmers - small farmers wee usually in debt and Stresemann introduced policy to join farms together
  • Workers - eight hour working day had disappeared by 1924
45
Q

Who benefited during the Great Depression and why?

A

Women - only 33% of women were unemployed in 1932 compared to 46% of men. 33% pay gap meant that women were more likely to employ women

History A Level - Germany (7 decks)

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