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geography alevel- edexcel > the water cycle and water insecurity > Flashcards

the water cycle and water insecurity Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the inputs in drainage basin system

A
  • precipitation
  • water diversion into area
  • groundwater flow into area
  • surface water flow into area
  • surface runoff into area
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2
Q

what are the outputs in a drainage basin

A
  • evapotranspiration
  • wateer diversion out of area
  • groundwater flow out of area
  • surface water out of area
  • surface run off out of area
  • industrial/residential uses of an area
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3
Q

describe drainage basin system

A

inputs>drainage basin store> outputs

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4
Q

what is drainage basin store controlled by

A
  • geology
  • relief
  • water quantity
  • available energy
  • land use
  • drainage density
  • vegetation
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5
Q

closed system

A

where there are no inputs or outputs of matter from an external source- when inputs and outputs are balanced example global hydrological cycle

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6
Q

open system

A

a system with inputs and outputs from another place

-can end up loosing mkre water then inputs due to evapotranspiration

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7
Q

what are the two processes that drive the hydrological cylce

A
  • solar power

- gravitational potential energy

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8
Q

solar power

A
  • energy from sun heat water
  • evaporation increases as global climate warms
  • moisture levels in atmosphere increase
  • condensation and precipitation increase as earth cools
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9
Q

gravitational potential energy

A
  • water moves by gravity

- wunoff and groundwater gets transported to sea

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10
Q

what is the cryosphere

A

ice- glaciers and ice sheets

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11
Q

fluxes

A

global transfer of water

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12
Q

annual flux

A

variations due to seasons and temperature

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13
Q

global water budget

A

difference between inputs and outputs

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14
Q

thermohaline circulation

A

1) polar ocean colder +denser than trpical water so it sinks
2) sinking cold water replced by tropical water on surface
3) water movement from tropics warms up cold water from ocean depths

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15
Q

tropics

A

where the suns energy is the most concentrated=highest levels of evaporation especially in the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

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16
Q

evapotranspiration

A

sum of water evaporation and transpiration from a surface area to the atmosphere.

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17
Q

the 3 pathways that precipitation follow

A
  • infiltration
  • overland flow(surface run off)
  • evaporation
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18
Q

what are the 2 ways that precipitation pathways can be delayed

A
  • interception= by plants and buildings before evaporation of infiltration of surface
  • precolation= through rocks into groundwater and subsequent aquifers
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19
Q

orographic rainfaill -relief

A
  • warm air FORCED to rises over high ground
  • air cools as it rises forming clouds
  • air warms back as it descends
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20
Q

convectional rainfall -sea/land

A
  • sun heats land and sea, causing the evaporation in water in sea
  • warm air rises- form clouds-rains
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21
Q

frontal rainfall- land

A

warm air rises over cold air in an angle

  • air cools-forms clouds
  • heavy rain falls along the frount
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22
Q

human impacts on drainage basin

A
  • over-abstraction
  • deforestation
  • change in land use/urbanisation
  • reservoirs
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23
Q

water budget

A 
annual balance between precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff. The annual balance between the inputs and outputs. It is calculated from the formula: P = Q + E +/- S.
P=precipitation
Q=run off/river discharge
E= potential evapotranspiration
S=soil moisture+ groundwater storage
24
Q

water deficit

A

evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation
field infiltration capacity the lowest
soil moisture at its lowest

25
Q

water surplus

A

soils are saturated above feild infiltration capacity
prone to flash floods (occure after heavy rainfull after a season of drought when water feild capacity was already low and soil cannot absorb moisture)and landslides due to less friction/grip between soil and land

26
Q

what factors affect rivers discharge

A
  • shape,geology,soil type,land cover
  • inputs +outputs
  • climate
  • human intervention
27
Q

simple regime

A

river experiances seasonal dicharge, so high discharge follwed by low discharge. snowmelt/monsoons etc.

28
Q

complex regime

A

when river crosses several relief and climatic zones and affected by differs climatic events
-human factors such as dams increases complexity

29
Q

what does a storm hydrograph show

A

shows the effects of individual storm aka

  • discharge at a point over a period of time
  • the lag between start of storm to increasein discharge-this gives the idea about the soil tupe and its ability to absorb moisture
30
Q

list some sustinable drainage systems (SuDS)

A
  • green roofs
  • infiltration basins
  • permeable pavements
  • rainwater harvesting
  • soak away
  • filterdrains
  • detention basins
  • wetlands
31
Q

types of drought

A

meterological=when the amount of precipitation received in a specific area is less than the average.

agricultural= lack of sufficient moisture in the surface soil layers to support crop and forage growth

hydrological=when reduced precipitation impacts on water supply, eg there is decreased streamflow, soil moisture, reservoir and lake levels, and groundwater.

32
Q

drought in Brazil-2014-2015 case study

A

-high pressure systems diverted rain bearing winds north to rain fall on bolvia instead.
caused=
-water rationing
-hydroelectric production cut
-reservoirs dried up
-increased groundwater abstraction 9mostly illegally) causing dangerously low levels in aquifers
-reduced crop of arabica beans , increasing global coffee price by 50%

33
Q

impact of drought in rainforest ecosystems

A

1) younger trees die reducing canopy cover
2) reduce in humidity-rainfall
3) dying vegetation and surface dry tree litter is prone to catch fire
4) high winds often turn small fires into wildfires

34
Q

how to mitigate flood risk

A
  • reafforestation
  • restoring meandering river channels
  • restoration of absorbent flood plains to store flood water
  • discouraging building near rivers
35
Q

what causes floods/increases vulnerability/possibility

A
  • storms and flash floods
  • monsoons
  • snowmelt
  • deforestation
  • overgrazing
  • urbanisation
36
Q

what are the social impacts of flooding (Cumbria)

A
  • 300 homes flooded in 2005 and 5200 in 2015
  • living in temp accomendation
  • anxiety stress and trauma
  • some services(schools, healthcare and shops) forced closure temp.
37
Q

economic impacts of flooding - Cumbria

A
  • business closure
  • £100 million in 2005 adn £270 milllion in 2015
  • house prices fell
  • reduced tourism
  • farmers lost expensive stone wall and cattle drowned
38
Q

enviromenatal impacts of flooding -Cumbria

A
  • many rivers an banks eroded
  • soils eroded / habitats destroyed
  • rivers contaminated/blocked by debris and sewage water
  • decomposition of dead plants+animals gave of noxious gases and contaminated food chain
  • saturated ground=landslides
39
Q

flooding in cumbria -case study

A

2015 flood =storm desmond

  • atlantic low pressure system(depression)
  • orographic rainfall created
  • moist air sat over cumbria over 48 hours
  • flash flooding
  • saturated ground , impermeable surface and blocked drains caused overland flow and flooding escpecially at river confluences at Cockermouth and carlise
40
Q

The sahel

A
  • beneficts from climate change
  • forms the southers frnge of sahara desert,(senegal,nigeria,niger,chad,sudan,ethipia etc)
  • most rain falls=july-september
  • regreening to create productive farmland possible
  • since 1996 several wet years
41
Q

california

A

-disadvantage from climate change
-since 2015 increased evaportaion rate
-water rationing
-increased risk of wild fires
-farmers abandoning their farms
ground water fell by 30metres
-reservoir fallen
-permenant snow levels where a record low

42
Q

el-nino

A

El Niño is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. El Nino is the “warm phase” of a larger phenomenon called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

43
Q

la nina

A

weather pattern that occurs in the Pacific Ocean. In this pattern, strong winds blow warm water at the ocean’s surface from South America to Indonesia. … As the warm water moves west, cold water from the deep rises up to the surface. This cold water ends up on the coast of South America.

44
Q

how climate change impacted el-nino

A

-increased frequency and intensity and duration

45
Q

water scarcity

A

less than 1000 m3 available per person per year- not enough to go around

46
Q

physical scarcity

A

not enough water to meet demand

  • low rainfall and high temp.
  • climate change
  • huamn activity affecting avaiilability
47
Q

economic scarcity

A

water available but people cannot afford it

48
Q

water stress

A

less than 1700m3 available per person per year. occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.

49
Q

water insecurity

A

present and future water supply cannot be garunteed

50
Q

factors increasing water scarcity

A

> Increase in Population and urbanisation
-demand growing twice as fast as population
-half worlds pop live in urban areas(and this in growin)
improved living standars
-rising income in emerging/developing countries cause an increase meat consumption and more people would live in luxury homes / demand for cars and other gadgets productions have also increased
industrilisation
agriculture

51
Q

how is water and well being linked

A
  • improvements in water quality will improve sanitation and personal hygine
  • more students will be able to go schools especialy girls whom wouldnt have to miss school days due to period anymore
  • people would also take fewer days of work and medical costs are reduced
  • 26%lower diarrhea
  • 65% reduction in deaths from diarrhea
  • improved education+health will lead to reduced poverty
52
Q

water trnasfer-south north water transfer project
China
hard engineering

A 
planned to finish by 2050, will take water from yangtze to northern china
pro
-boost economic development
-reduce abstraction of groundwater
cons
-it will submerge 370km2 of land
-345 000 poeple have to relocate
-route is industrial risking further pollution
53
Q

mega dam-Three gorges dam
China
Hard engineering

A

-designed to control flooding Yangtze, generate HEP, and improve water supply by regulating river flow
pros
- enables water to build up an be diverted to northern china through the south north water transfer project
-electricity generated is vital for chinas economic growth
cons
-flooded 632km2 of land
-1.3 million people relocated
-water quality low=industrial pollution
-docomposing vegetation produces methane
-very expensive

54
Q

desalination- palestine

A

5 plants would take water directly by Mediterranean sea.
pros
-reliable and predictable supply of water provided
-produce up to 600 tones of portable water per hour
cons
-plants adds to co2 emmisons
-produce vasts amount of salt which harm ecosystems

55
Q

how to avoid water conflict

A
  • conserving domestic and industrial use of water
  • reusing waste water
  • saving storm water
  • reducing irrigation
  • smart planni ng#-edication
  • cutting leakages
  • desalination

geography alevel- edexcel (6 decks)

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