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Science Test #3 - The Water Cycle > The Water Cycle > Flashcards

The Water Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 14 parts of water systems

A

Oceans
Bays
Coral reefs
Beaches
Rivers
Tributaries
Lakes
Ponds
Wetlands
Riparians
Glaciers
Icebergs
Ground water
Waterfalls

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2
Q

Oceans

A

Large saltwater basins covering 70% of earths surface. Although it is all connected, we divide it into five separate oceans: Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and the biggest one, pacific.

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3
Q

Bays

A

Bodies of water partially surrounded by land. Can be fresh or salt water.

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4
Q

Coral reefs

A

Comprised of polyps or corals. These living organisms are part of the invertebrate family. Occur in tropical or subtropical waters close to the equator. The largest is called the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.

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5
Q

Beaches

A

Portions of land where water meets inland areas. Characterized by sand and small pebbles caused by erosion. Located beside oceans, lakes, and rivers.

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6
Q

Rivers

A

Channels of water that flow or drain into a larger body of water (lake, ocean, or larger rivers). Can be wide and deep or shallow enough to walk through. Flow of rivers may change seasonally. Smaller channels are called creeks, streams, or brooks. Most rivers contain fresh water. Rivers that meet with oceans are called estuaries. These can be half salt and half fresh water. Can carry nutrients through.

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7
Q

Tributaries

A

Smaller streams that feed into one larger one. The larger river is called a mainstream.

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8
Q

Lakes

A

Slow moving bodies of water that gather in the depression on the land. Usually fresh water but saline lakes have high salt content like the Dead Sea in Israel.

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9
Q

Ponds

A

Smaller bodies of water that gather in land depressions. Can be naturally occurring or man made.

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10
Q

Wetlands

A

Areas of land saturated with water. Essential to ecosystems because they filter out excess minerals, sediments, and pollutants before reaching other bodies of water that animals drink from. They provide homes to many kinds of wildlife and allow plants to thrive inside them. They also are able to slow the flow of water during floods

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11
Q

Riparian

A

Zones between the shoreline of a water source and the lush vegetation beside it. Home to many species and known as the ribbon of life. It is essential to keep these zones natural to support the species living there.

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12
Q

Glaciers

A

Compacted snow, ice, sediment, and rock that gather in mountainous regions. Polar regions are known for these large structures of slow-moving ice. Glaciers contain the most accessible water for us to drink and hold 2% of the entire worlds water.

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13
Q

Icebergs

A

Pieces of broken off glaciers. Found in the sea but are made of fresh water. Glaciers and icebergs formed during the ice age over 10 000 years ago.

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14
Q

Groundwater

A

Found under the earth. Water travels down through cracks in stone and soil, known as aquifers. Water drains and fills the empty spaces through these aquifers until it reaches an impenetrable layer of rock. The open areas that fill with water are saturated zones, and the top is called the water table. Groundwater can travel to rivers, lakes, oceans, and manufactured wells.

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15
Q

Waterfalls

A

Waterfalls are unique water features where water flows over a steep incline and plunges to a pool underneath.

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16
Q

Examples of solid water

A

Glaciers, icebergs, snow, ice.

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17
Q

Examples of liquid water

A

Precipitation, lakes, rivers, oceans, etc.

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18
Q

Examples of gas water

A

Fog, clouds, most, steam

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19
Q

Water to FNMI

A

A way of life
A way to feed their families
Thanks to Mother Nature of this gift
Not used for anything other than what’s needed.
Fishing
Drinking
Eating
Spiritual connections
Travelling
Used in everyday life
Resources
Sustains them
They must care for the thing that cares for them.

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20
Q

The water cycle

A

Water evaporates from the energy of the sun and turns into a cloud in the sky. Once the clouds get too heavy and filled with water, they precipitate down back to earth. This water can runoff into larger bodies of water again or infiltrate into the ground and percolate further into groundwater. This groundwater can stay underground forever or go back to another body of water through the ground. The water can also go into trees and be transpired up through the trees and back into the clouds and end up in any of these places again.

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21
Q

Watersheds - Basics

A

Drainage basins
Water sources from higher up places can all drain back into the same central body of water. Can be any size. Everything living in that area is considered part of the watershed as it all has an affect on the water there. Canada has 5 main watersheds: pacific, arctic, Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay, and Atlantic. The entire world is technically one big watershed.

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22
Q

Influence on watersheds

A

Every watershed is unique and will drain differently depending on conditions. The network of the sun drainage systems, vegetation, topography (landforms), and soil types all influence how watersheds drain.

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23
Q

Watersheds - purpose

A

To slow, filter, clean, and store water. Water quality and health is impacted by watersheds. Water carries harmful pollutants from industries like mining, forestry, and agriculture. This affects our ecosystems. Canada has watershed authorities to help make sure its running correctly.

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24
Q

How can erosion take place?

A

Water
Wind
Ice
Gravity

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25
Q

Erosion- cut banks

A

Cut banks are kinda like cliffs on the edge of a river caused by the flow of water.

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26
Q

Erosion - sea stacks

A

Sea stacks are often vertical stacks found in water that have been eroded away by waves and wind. They tend to be parts of old cliffs that were broken down, then carried away.

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27
Q

Erosion - Barrier Island

A

These are bigger rocks that have been eroded and surrounded by water.

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28
Q

Erosion - aeolian landform

A

Basically a sea stack on land. Pieces of old cliffs where the area around it had been weathered and eroded.

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29
Q

Erosion - glacier

A

Glaciers are ice and move rocks very slowly.

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30
Q

Weathering

A

Breaks down a rock with physical or chemical change that changes the characteristics of the rock

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31
Q

Erosion

A

Carried the broken down rocks from weathering away

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32
Q

Deposition

A

When the rock gets deposited
Heavy rocks go down first which is why there is so many at the shallow end of the lake

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33
Q

Physical weathering

A

When factors in the environment break down a rock. Ex:
Abrasion is the physical grinding of a rock by waves, wind, water, gravity, plants, or animals.
Frost wedging is the result of water freezing within a rock and expanding, causing a fracture from within.
Thermal stress is when a rock expands and contracts due to temperature changes, which causes fractures.

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34
Q

Chemical weathering

A

When a chemical reaction occurs, causing a new substance to be created. Ex:
Oxidation is when oxygen combines with iron in the rock, creating iron oxide (rust)
Hydrolysis is when hydrogen replaces the iron in a rock or mineral.
Carbonation is when water and carbon mixes to create carbonic acid. This kind of chemical can dissolve certain types of rock like limestone. Creates caves.

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35
Q

Coastlines are…
A) static and rarely change
B) dynamic and always changing

A

B)

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36
Q

What common problem do coastlines around the world face?

A

Erosion - waves carry barriers from the ocean to the people and beach

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37
Q

What events can accelerate erosion beyond normal levels?

A

Hurricanes
Typhoons
High winds

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38
Q

Why is coastal erosion so important to people near beaches?

A

Homes are being consumed by big waves and tides coming in. Beaches are a big spot for tourism and if the beaches are gone it can cause huge problems financially.

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39
Q

Solutions to coastal erosion

A

Seawalls
Groynes
Planting forests
These all take away energy from the waves

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40
Q

Water currents are the ___ of water in the ___.

A

Flow
Oceans

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41
Q

Currents can flow on the water’s ___ or ___ within the seas.

A

Surfaces
Deep

42
Q

Currents can travel short distances or major ___ can flow across large areas.

A

Channels

43
Q

What affects the direction of water flow?

A

Temperature
Wind flow
Ocean floor topography
Earths rotation

44
Q

In the northern hemisphere trade winds blow directly from ___ to ___

A

East
West

45
Q

The earths rotation bends the winds to the right and causes a ____ loop to form.

A

Clockwise

46
Q

The winds twist to the left in the southern hemisphere and cause a ____ loop.

A

Counter-clockwise

47
Q

Deep water currents form by ____ and ___ changes.

A

Temperature
Density

48
Q

As water flows from the equator to the poles…

A

…It cools and becomes denser.

49
Q

As sea ice forms, the salt in the water remains under the surface. As this salty, dense water sinks…

A

New water fills the space and causes a current.

50
Q

Water currents are essential for the distribution of ___ and survival of oceans ___.

A

Nutrients
Ecosystems

51
Q

Waves are the movement of ___ resulting in ___ or ___.

A

Water
Ridges
Ripples

52
Q

Most waves are caused by ___ ____ over the water.

A

Wind
Blowing

53
Q

The downward force of the wind causes the ____ of water and creates ____ below the waters surface.

A

Displacement
Energy

54
Q

Scientists have yet to understand exactly how this action takes place. The energy ____ through the water, displacing it and causing waves to appear.

A

Travels

55
Q

As waves move closer to the land, they “____ ____” meaning the ____ decreases and the height increases, ____ the wave

A

“Touch bottom”
Wavelength
Breaking

56
Q

The top of the wave is called the…

A

Crest

57
Q

The bottom of a wave is called the…

A

Trough

58
Q

The ____ is the measurement from crest to crest.

A

Wavelength

59
Q

The measurement of still water (default height of water when it isn’t moving) to the crest is called…

A

Amplitude

60
Q

The height of a wave measures…

A

Bottom of the wave (trough) to the top of the wave (crest).

61
Q

Measurement of how often waves occur when passing stationary objects is called…

A

Frequency
Very important for the safety in the ocean

62
Q

The ___ pull of the moon forms ____ waves.

A

Gravitational
Tidal

63
Q

The moons pull causes water to ___ on opposite sides of the earth. These bulges appear as ___ tides on earth.

A

Swell
High

64
Q

There are ___ high tides daily in coastal regions

A

Two

65
Q

___ tide is when water recedes for most of the day.

A

Low

66
Q

The tide cycle takes roughly ___ hours to complete.

A

25

67
Q

High tides are most noticeable during a ___ moon and ___ moon because the suns gravity also pulls on the earth.

A

Full
New

68
Q

Full moon (spring tide) and tidal waves

A

The full moon is on the left side of the planet and is pulling the tides on both sides of the earth. The sun is on the opposite side of the earth, making this change in tides more noticeable because it is also pulling the tides.
The moon and the sun both pull the tide on the side closest to the towards them and the tide farthest from them away from them.

69
Q

First quarter moon (neap tide) and tides

A

The moon is at the bottom of the earth and is pulling the tide closest to it closer, and the tide farthest from it farther. The sun is not opposite the moon so the tides are not as big without the sun pulling them towards it too. (The moon is not actually underneath the earth but the diagram is showing it from the top view, making it look like it is, when really it is just next to the earth)

70
Q

New moon (Spring tide) and tides

A

Here the moon is on the right side of the earth and pulling the tide closest to it closer and pushing the farthest tide farther. The sun is also on the right side and it doing the same thing, creating more power and making the tides bigger.

71
Q

Last quarter moon (neap tide) and tides

A

Here the moon is at the top of the earth pulling and pushing the tides but the sun is on the right side which is counteracting the moon, and making the tides smaller. (The moon isn’t actually on top of the earth but the diagram is showing it from the top view of earth so it just looks like it is)

72
Q

Glacier landforms - moraines

A

The deposition of rock as it is brought down The Valley by glacier water, causing ridges in the landscape.
A bundle of rocks built up by water carrying a bunch of rock chunks.

73
Q

Glacier landforms - drumlins

A

Oval shaped hills formed underneath glacier ice, caused by the flow of water downhill.
Usually surrounded by water from melted glaciers but not always.

74
Q

Glacier landforms - eskers

A

Deposits of glacial material from melting glaciers
Kinda like a little hill, usually surrounded by water, with a pointy top.

75
Q

Glacial landforms - kettle lakes

A

Shallow depressions in the landscape caused by retreating glacial ice.

76
Q

Glacial landforms - Aretes

A

when two cirque basins meet, thedividing ridge between them is called an aretes.
There is two glaciers on each side of a bunch of pointy tips. These pointy tips are aretes.

77
Q

Glacial landforms - Col

A

when the aretes between two glaciers erodes between two cirque basins, forming a mountain pass.
Basically just eroded aretes.

78
Q

Glacial landforms - Horn

A

The peak formed at the top of cirbasins that form a pyramid like structure.
Like the top of a mountain.

79
Q

Glaciers - Alpines

A

found in mountainous regions
found in every continent except australia
also referred to as mountain glaciers

80
Q

Glaciers - Ice shields

A

formed over a larger area of land
large sheets that spread out from the center
ice sheets cover antarctica and greenland
during the pleistone ice age, north america and europe covered in ice, 1800 years ago

81
Q

Erosion - plucking

A

glaciers freeze the joints of the bedrock (inside) and carries large pieces of debris away .

82
Q

Erosion - abrasion

A

glaciers scrape and polish the landscape making it smooth or it could cause ruts in in it as it carries away the debris

83
Q

water depth and aquatic ecosystems

A

most species live closer to the waters surface. aquatic ecosystems also include species that live around the water source.

84
Q

Currents and aquatic ecosystems

A

the process of upwelling (the rising of water) and downwelling (the sinking of water) redistribute vital nutrients to the oragnisms that depend on them. Currents also distribute oxygen throughout the waer and regulate temperature.

85
Q

Overfishing and aquatic ecosystems

A

crtain species have been overfished and have affected the food sources of many other species and the food chain.

86
Q

pollutants and aquatic ecosystems

A

pollution has affected many species causing strains on them.

87
Q

What happens when a part of the food web is removed?

A

Lots of it will fall apart in a domino affect if one is removed, causing some species to relocate or find different foods to eat and adapt.

88
Q

What is the most important part of the food chain?

A

other than the sun, it is the beginning part oof it like kelp, algae, etc.

89
Q

Temperature and aquatic ecosystems

A

organisms thrive in different waters with different temperatures. streams are usually 0-25 degrees and subtropical and tropical waters are generally 30-40.

90
Q

Turbidity and aquatic ecosystems

A

clearness of water.
the clarity of water can affect aquatic ecosystems and species. Too cloudy water can reduce food, run spawning beds, and affect gill function. The terrain can affect the waters turbidty and species that occupy the area.

91
Q

Sunlight and aqyatic ecosystems

A

more sunlight affects plant growth therefor more life is found in areas with sunlight.

92
Q

Nutrients and aquatic ecosystems

A

aqatic ecosystems affect growth of plants in the water. if there is too much phosphorus and nitrogen in the ecosystems, it can cause the overgrowth of algae. Excess algae can use up oxygenand decrease food for aquatic ecosystems.

93
Q

Salinity and aquatic ecosystems

A

freshwater species cannot live in waters with high salt levels. Ocean species have adapted to the high salinity levels in the sea.

94
Q

How much of the worlds fresh water is locked away in glaciers?

A

2/3

95
Q

Sometimes the macarenia plant can grow in the water in south america because of…

A

sunlight

96
Q

What percent of the worlds freshwater is in glaciers?

A

> 60%

97
Q

What is a sign of a healthy river in Europe?

A

hatching maylfies

98
Q

How many litres can a tree transpire in a day?

A

1000L

99
Q

Some fish survive in low oxygen rivers by…

A

taking air bubbles from the surfaceand bringing them down to the eggs.

100
Q

How has human activity affected river ecosystems?

A

Dams - animals cant get across to the things they need
2/3 of the worlds longest rivers have dams

101
Q

Water treatment system in melville

A

comes from ground through pumps
potassium permagnate is used to take iron out of the water
runs through several different filters
water is tested for chlorine and other chemicals
chlorine is often added to get pH (acidity) to 7
then it is pumped to water tower
water comes out because of pressure from the water on top to the bottom water.

102
Q

What are some ways animals have had to adapt due to human causes?

A

hippos have to go in mud instead of water to cool off. with such proximity, they tend to fight a lot.
buffalos cant risk gtting their own water because of their predators.
elephants cant drnk because of the dried up river so they eat high in water bark and dig underground.

Science Test #3 - The Water Cycle (1 decks)

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