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Special Senses > The visual system > Flashcards

The visual system Flashcards

1
Q
  • Moves eye laterally
  • VI Abducens
A

Lateral Rectus

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2
Q
  • Moves eye medially
  • CN III Oculomotor
A

medial rectus

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3
Q
  • elevates eye
  • CN III Oculomotor
A

Superior rectus

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4
Q
  • Depresses eye
  • CN III Oculomotor
A

Inferior rectus

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5
Q
  • elevates eye and turns it laterally
  • CN III Oculomotor
A

Inferior oblique

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6
Q
  • Depresses eye and turns it laterally
  • CN IV Trochlear
A

Superior oblique

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7
Q
  • Oil glands that keep the eyelids from sticking together.
  • Located on the lids
A

Meibomian or tarsal glands

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8
Q

Membrane covering the eye and lining the eyes.

A

Conjunctiva

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9
Q

Blood shot eyes

A

Bulbar (ocular) conjunctiva

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10
Q
  • found at base of hair follicles of lashes.
  • Blockage of glands cause a sty.
A

Sebaceous ciliary glands (Zeis)

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11
Q
  • Sclera
  • Cornea
A

Fibrous tunic

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12
Q
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
A

Uvea (vascular)

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13
Q
  • Pigment epithelium
  • Neural retina
A

Sensory tunic

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14
Q
  • Salts, watery mucus and lysozyme (destroys bacteria).
  • Parasympathetic simulation
A

Lacrimal glands

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15
Q

motor neurons innervate 2-3 muscle fibers. Smooth and rapid eye movements

A

Very fine control

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16
Q

Inervates :

  1. Superior rectus
  2. Medial rectus
  3. Inferior rectus
  4. Inferior oblique
A

CN III Oculomotor

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17
Q

6 eye muscles and 3 cranial nerves

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

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18
Q

Joins the edge of the retina called the ora serrata to the sclera and cornea.

A

Ciliary body components

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19
Q
  • Secrete aqueous humor
  • Suspensory ligaments attach to the lens
A

ciliary processes

20
Q
  • Circular smooth muscle
  • changes shape of the lens for near and far vision
  • innervated by parasympathetic fibers in CN III
A

ciliary muscles

21
Q
  • ciliary body component
  • colored part of the eye
  • contains circular and radially oriented smooth muscle which controls the diameter of the pupil
A

Iris

22
Q
  • Bright light or when focusing for near vision the pupil constricts (circular muscles contract.
  • Mediated by parasympathetic fibers in CN III
  • Dim light or during fight and flight reactions the radial muscle contracts causing the pupils to dilate.
  • Mediated by sympathetic fibers
  • ciliary body component
A

Pupil

23
Q
  • is a safety feature of the visual system. Also is one of the body’s vital signs, so it is of diagnostic value to clinicians.
  • “Pupils equal and responsive”. Light strikes the retina of one eye, and both pupils constrict. Nerve Fibers project bilaterally to an oculomotor complex that sends efferent fibers to join with CN III. Stimulation causes the pupillary constrictor (circular) muscle to contract.
A
24
Q
  • Captures light (photons) and converts the light energy into nerve impulses.
    Innermost layer of the eye
  • Blood vessels ramify throughout
    Appearance of blood vessels are clinically important (high blood pressure, diabetes, etc.).
  • Optic disc is a functional blind spot.
    Axons that make up the optic nerve are leaving the eye.
  • Two Layers (neuroretina and pigment epithelium)
A

The retina

25
Q

Deterioration of the retinal photoreceptor layer due to vascular damage, overgrowth and rupture of the retinal blood vessels which extend between the pigment epithelium & neuroretina

A

Diabetic Retinopathy

26
Q
  • Cells contain melanin which prevents light scattering (same reason why the inside of a camera is black).
  • Phagocytosis of photoreceptor discs
    Metabollically supports the neuronal part of retina.
  • If the neuroretina becomes detached from the pigment epithelium, the cells will die and leave behind a blind spot.
  • Laser or cryosurgery can reattach the neuroretina
A

pigment epithelium

27
Q
  • Photoreceptors (1st order neurons)
  • Bipolar cells (2nd order neurons).
  • Ganglion cells (3rd order neurons)
  • Interneurons
A

Neuroretina

28
Q
  • Horizontal cells
  • Amacrine cells
A

interneurons

29
Q

These pass information laterally so they are involved with modifying visual information before it enters the brain.

A

Amacrine cells

30
Q
  • 120 million/retina
  • Work in Dim light
  • Capable of responding to a single photon.
  • Best for detecting movement and peripheral vision.
A

Rods

31
Q
  • 10 million/retina
  • Bright light
  • Color vision
  • High acuity vision
  • Located in the macula lutea which is in line with the visual axis.
  • Central fovea contains ___ only
A

cones

32
Q
  • There are about 130 million
  • Only 1 million ganglion cell axons leave the eye in the optic nerve.
  • Except in the fovea centralis, there is a significant amount of convergence.
  • Rods and cones
A

photoreceptors

33
Q

Visual pigments in memebrane discs

A

Outer segment

34
Q

Location of major organelles and metabolic operations such as photopigment synthesis and ATP production

A

Inner segment

35
Q
  • Retina
  • Optic nerve
  • Optic chiasm
  • Partial decussation
  • Thalamus (lateral geniculate (4th order neurons).
  • Optic radiations
  • Primary visual area (#17) in occipital lobe.
  • Visual association areas.
A

The visual pathway

36
Q
  • Partial decussation
  • Axons from receptors in the medial part of the retina cross to the opposite side of the brain.
A
37
Q
  • The lens consists of crystallins in concentric rings.
  • Aging, UV exposure, long term use of steroids can “cloud” the lens.
  • The lens helps to protect the retina by absorbing ultraviolet radiation.
  • In ___ surgery, the lens is removed.
A

cataracts

38
Q

Failure to drain properly results in excessive pressure in the anterior chamber leading to ___

A

glaucoma

39
Q
  • bathes and nourishes the lens and cornea.
  • Produced by the blood capillaries of the ciliary processes>>>circulates through the pupil to the anterior chamber.
  • Drained through Schlemm’s canal
  • Replaced every 90 minutes
  • Maintains intraocular eye pressure
A

Aqueous humor

40
Q

lies between cornea and iris

A

anterior chamber

41
Q

More susceptible to disease than the rest of the retina

A

mascula lutea

42
Q
  • Death of cells in the region is called ___
  • Consequently, people with___ ___ cannot focus on objects. They try to read using their peripheral rods, but vision is fuzzy.
A

mascular degeneration

43
Q

main cell type

A

cone

44
Q

runs down the center of the optic nerve

A

central artery

45
Q

The neuroretina is a three neuron chain.

  1. First order neurons are ___
  2. Second order neurons are ___
  3. Third order neurons are __
A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells

Special Senses (3 decks)

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