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Centrala områden i kognitiv neurovetenskap > The visual brain > Flashcards

The visual brain Flashcards

1
Q

Refractive structures of the eye

A

Cornea and lens

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2
Q

Problems with focusing the light through the cornea and lens

A

Cataract, myopia, presbyopia

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3
Q

Myopia

A

Near-sightedness

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4
Q

Presbyopia

A

Age-related far-sightedness

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5
Q

Anatomy of an eye

A

Pupil, Macula lutea, Fovea centralis, Optic disc, Optic nerve

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6
Q

Macula lutea

A

Yellow spot, central area of the retina where the light rays are focused

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7
Q

Fovea centralis

A

The center of the macula, responsible for the highest visual acuity and colour

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8
Q

Optic disc

A

Axons of retinal ganglion cells leave the eye at the optic disc and form the optic nerve

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9
Q

Retinal organization - neurons

A

Retinal ganglion cells, interneurons, photoreceptors

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10
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

Receive information from the photoreceptors via the interneurons, the only retinal neurons whose axons leave the brain

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11
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Rods and cones, respond to reflected light and convert it into a neural signal

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12
Q

Rods

A

Ca. 120 million, very sensitive to light (night vision), multiple rods converge on the same interneuron

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13
Q

Cones

A

Ca. 6 million, less sensitive to light (day vision), 3 types of cones (red, green, blue), one-to-one convergence with an interneuron

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14
Q

Saccades

A

Rapid eye movement to shift visual fixation from one point to another

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15
Q

Microsaccades

A

A type of fixational eye movement produced during visual fixation

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16
Q

Left visual hemifield

A

Seen by the nasal left retina and temporal right retina

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17
Q

Right visual hemifield

A

Seen by the nasal right retina and temporal left retina

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18
Q

Visual pathways

A

Optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, thalamus (LGN) and optic radiaton (Geniculocortical pathway)

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19
Q

Optic nerve

A

Splits into temporal and nasal branch

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20
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Crossover of optic nerve branches

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21
Q

Optic tract

A

Information from the left visual field travels in the right optic tract and information from the right visual field travels in the left optic tract

22
Q

Thalamus (LGN)

A

Is the major target of the retinal ganglion cells, receives information from both eyes and sends it to V1

23
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

6 layers, 2 types of cells

24
Q

Midget (parvocellular)

A

Receives small details from cones, makes up 4 layers of the LGN

25
Q

Parasol (magnocellular)

A

Receives information from a bigger area via rods, makes up 2 layers of the LGN

26
Q

V1

A

Elementary features of objects

27
Q

Hubbel and Wiesel

A

Single cell recordings in the cat visual cortex

28
Q

Neurons in V1 are selective for?

A

Position and orientation of edges and direction of movement of edges (bars)

29
Q

Magnocellular pathway

A

Movement and direction

30
Q

Parvocellular pathway

A

Colour and orientation

31
Q

V2 and V3

A

Relay of information, integration of elementary features and motion (especially V3)

32
Q

V4

A

Colour perception

33
Q

V5/MT

A

Motion perception

34
Q

Inferior temporal cortex (IT)

A

Stronger responses to objects than non-objects

35
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A

Responds to faces

36
Q

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

Responds to bodies

37
Q

Parahippocampal place are (PPA)

A

Responds to places

38
Q

ERPs

A

A method of measuring brain activity during cognitive processing, using EEG

39
Q

Dorsal “WHERE” pathway

A

Magnocellular, carries information about motion and localization, towards parietal cortex

40
Q

Ventral “WHAT” pathway

A

Parvocellular, carries information about form discrimination and object identification, towards temporal cortex

41
Q

Blindsight

A

“When the blind can see”, Lawrence Weiskrantz

42
Q

Explanations for blindsight

A

Subcortical visual pathway (superior colliculus), geniculo-extrastriaste pathway, residual V1 function

43
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Lesion in V5/MT, loss of motion perception

44
Q

Cerebral achromatopsia

A

Lesion in V4, loss of color perception

45
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Lesion in the occipito-temporal cortex, results in poor object recognition

46
Q

Apperceptive agnosia

A

When a person cannot name, copy, match or discriminate visual objects

47
Q

Integrative agnosia

A

When a person is unable to “put the pieces together”

48
Q

Associative agnosia

A

When a person is unable to access knowledge of an object’s functions and associations

49
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Lesion in FFA, loss of face recognition

50
Q

Optic ataxia

A

Lesion in parietal cortex, person can identify but not grab object

Centrala områden i kognitiv neurovetenskap (2 decks)

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