The Vine (71 Cards) Flashcards
Q. What species of grape vine is used to make most grapes for wine production?
A. Vitis Vinifera
Vitis Vinifera grape varieties used to make wine predominantly come from where?
A. Eurasia
American vine species are mainly used for?
A. Root stock
Why are American vine species used for root stocks?
A. They are resistant to the pest Phylloxera.
How many different grape varieties come from the Vitis Viniferia species?
A. Thousands
A wine’s colour and flavour are properties that come from the?
A. Grape
Give two properties of a grape variety that may be advantageous in the vineyard?
A. Early or late budding & ripening.
Resistance to certain diseases.
Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon are both examples of different ________ of the same ________?
A. Varieties
Species
Q. A section of a vine shoot that is planted is what?
A cutting
Q. A vine’s cane that is bent and buried and then severed once rooted is known as?
A. Layering
Q. Why are cuttings more popular with grape growers than layering?
A. They are resistant to Phylloxera.
Q. Cutting and layering mean the new plant is?
A. Identical to the original.
Q. A cultivar is another word for?
A. Grape variety or vine variety.
Q. A clone is?
A. A genetically identical grape variety (cultivar) that has mutated.
Q. Why are some clones preferred?
A. Clones may have positive mutations such as better quality fruit or disease resistance.
Q. Selecting genetic mutations for propagation is known as?
A. Clonal selection.
Q. The difference between clones is often?
A. Very small.
Q. When ordering cultivars from a nursery what two factors are required to specify the vine?
A. Grape variety
Clone
Q. If a cultivar’s mutation has a significant effect then it is considered no longer a __________ but a new ___________.
A. If a cultivar’s mutation has a significant effect then it is considered no longer a clone but a new variety.
Q. Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc and Meunier are mutations of which cultivar?
A. Pinot
Q. Strictly speaking, Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc are _________ of Pinot Noir, however we treat them as new _______.
A. Strictly speaking, Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc are clones of Pinot Noir, however we treat them as new varieties.
Q. When pollen from a male parent is transferred to the female parent and fertilisation occurs under in controlled conditions to create a new variety, this is known as?
A. Cross fertilisation
A pollinated flower develops into a?
A grape with seeds.
All vine seeds are, if grown, a _____ variety.
A. All vine seeds are, if grown, a new variety.
If two identical clones of a vine produce a seed, will the seed produced be the same clone as its parents?
A. No, sexual reproduction has occurred so the seed is a new variety.
Q. A new vine from parents of the same species is known as a?
A. Crossing
Q. Not many grape varieties have been commercialised in the last 150 years because?
A. Time consuming and costly.
Many vines fail in the first year.
It takes three years before grapes are produced.
It takes a long time to identify the long term value of a variety.
Q. Cabernet Sauvignon is a _________ of Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon Blanc.
A. Crossing
Q. A new vine from parents of different species is known as a?
A. Hybrid
Q. A new vine with parents of vitis vinifera and an American species is known as a?
A. Hybrid
Q. Hybrid vines are usually used as?
A. Root stocks
Q. Most hybrid vines are used as root stocks. Which cultivars grown in Canada are used to make wine?
A. Vidal
Q. Phylloxera is an?
A. Insect (Louse)
Q. Phylloxera is native to?
A. North America
Q. During one of Phylloxera’s phases it lives underground feeding on?
A. The vine’s roots.
Q. Phylloxera kills vines by?
A. Infections through feeding wounds.
Q. What natural protection does Vitis Vinifera have to Phylloxera?
A. None
Q. What natural protection do American vines have to Phylloxera?
A. They release sap, clogging Phylloxera’s mouth.
Sap protects the feeding wounds from secondary infection.
Q. When Phylloxera broke out in Europe in the nineteenth century, what two methods were used to manage it?
A. Planting American vines or hybrids.
Grafting American root stock onto Vitis Vinifera vines.
Q. Grafting is now preferred to planting American vines or hybrids. Give three reasons why.
A. American vines and hybrids often have unattractive flavours.
Grafting allows v. vinifera fruit with Phylloxera resistant American roots.
Root stocks can be chosen for the location whether it is pest resistance (nematodes) or drought tolerance.
Q. In relation to grape vines, what is grafting?
A. A technique for fusing rootstocks to Vitis Vinifera.
Q. What type of grafting is this: A short section of V. Vinifera cane is joined to another rootstock using a machine in a nursery.
A. Bench grafting
Q. What type of grafting is this: In the vineyard a vine is cut back to its trunk and a new bud or cutting is grafted on?
A. Head grafting
Q. What are the advantages of head grafting over bench grafting?
A. Quicker, 1 year vs 3 years for first grapes.
Cheaper
The new variety has an established root system.
Q. Which is the best method of grafting for a new vineyard?
A. Bench grafting
Q. What are the four sections of the vine?
A. Green parts of the vine
One year old wood
Permanent wood
Roots
Q. The green parts of the vine’s shoots grow new each year and include which four parts?
A. Buds
Tendrils
Leaves
Berries & Flowers
Q. What forms between the base of the leaf stalks (petioles) and can be described as an embryonic shoot?
A. Buds
Q. Which part of the vine, containing all the miniature structure (leaves, flowers & tendrils), forms a shoot the following year?
A. Buds
Q. The green parts of the vine that grip and support the plant are known as?
A. Tendrils
Q. What part of the plant is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?
A. The leaf
Q. What is the chemical process for photosynthesis?
A. Sunlight
Water
Carbon dioxide
Q. What does photosynthesis produce?
A. Glucose (sugar) & oxygen
Q. What does the vine use glucose for?
A. Support vine growth.
Makes grapes taste sweet.
Q. What are the vine’s reproductive organs?
A. Flowers
Q. What groups the vine’s male and female reproductive parts together?
A. Inflorescence
Q. What will a successfully pollinated flower become?
A. Grape
Q. Inflorescences will eventually form into?
A. A bunch of grapes.
Q. How does the vine attract animals to eat the grapes and disperse the seed?
A. It makes the grapes sweet.
Q. After winter a previous season’s shoot is known as?
A. One year old wood
Q. Buds formed in the previous year do what in the spring?
A. Burst and grow into shoots.
Q. In spring, the buds are normally found on which part of the vine?
A. One year old wood
Q. Fruit normally forms on shoots that come from?
A. One year old wood
Q. A one year old wood that has been pruned during winter to be long and have 8-20 buds is called?
A. A cane
Q. A one year old wood that has been pruned short during winter to have only 2-3 buds is called?
A. A spur
Q. Wood that is more than one year old is called?
A. Permanent wood
Q. Permanent wood makes up which two parts of the vine?
A. Trunk
Arms or cordon (optional)
Q. What do the roots absorb?
A. Water
Nutrients
Q. What do the roots store over winter?
A. Carbohydrates
Q.What is the key reason vines often have grafted roots?
A. To resist Phylloxera.
Q. What type of pruning is this?
A. Cane pruned
