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AS2 Biology > The Variety of Life > Flashcards

The Variety of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecosystem

A

This is an ecological unit which includes all the organisms living in a particular area interacting with one another. It has its own pattern of energy flow and nutrient cycle. An ecosystem can be any size

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2
Q

Community

A

Is a group of species which occur in the same place at the same time. A woodland community includes all the living organisms within the wood

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3
Q

Population

A

This is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, varying in age from the very young to the very old (human population)

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4
Q

Environment

A

These are the conditions, which surround an organism and are composed of biotic and abiotic factors

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5
Q

Habitat

A

Particular place where a community of organisms is found

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6
Q

Niche

A

This describes the precise way that an organism fits into its environment and relates to the manner in which the organism obtains food and how it itself is a sources of food for other organisms

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7
Q

Biodiversity

A

Is a measure of the variety of life in an ecosystem

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8
Q

How does the complexity of a biological community depend on the number of different species it contains (species richness)?

A

Varies geographically with warmer areas tend to support more species than colder areas, wetter areas more species than dry areas, less seasonal areas more strongly than strongly seasonal areas and areas with varied topography and climate support more species than uniform species

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9
Q

What does the complexity of a biological community depend on?

A

1: No. different species it contains (species richness)
2: Relative numbers of individuals of each species

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10
Q

What are adv of species richness?

A

Simple concept and rel easy to perform on a practical level

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11
Q

What are the disadv of species richness?

A

Incomplete measure of diversity and has limitations when it comes to comparing the diversity of 2 dif areas sites or countries

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12
Q

How is diversity of ecosystems often assessed?

A

Counting number of individuals of each particular species

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13
Q

What does species richness often omit?

A

Info concerning the rel abundance of each particular species

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14
Q

What does diversity indicate?

A

Number/ richness of species + also inc the measure of the evenness of distrib of species.

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15
Q

What does biodiversity indicate?

A

Indication of both the range of species in a habitat and also how evenly balanced the number of individuals are across the different species
NOT SAME AS SPECIES-RICHNESS

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16
Q

In Simpson’s Index what does
N
n
E
D
stand for?

A

N= total number of organisms of all the species
n= total number of organisms of each individual species
E= Sum
D= Diversity

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17
Q

What does ecosystem diversity rep?

A

Divers of ecosystems within the biosphere (part of the earth and its atmosphere that is inhabited by living organisms)

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18
Q

How does Agriculture reduce diversity?

A

Farmers tend to grow large fields containing the same crop
A field of wheat is not very species rich
Dairy farmers will tend to have a herd of the same variety of cattle and will feed their stock the same type of grass

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19
Q

How does pollution decrease biodiversity?

A

In rivers, div of the bottom living organisms decreases sharply downstream due to sewage inputs from large human settlements.

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20
Q

What factors affect the genetic diversity?

A

How long a particular species has been in existence since it evolved
Degree of directional selection that has taken place in dif populations

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21
Q

Where is genetic variability greater?

A

In species that have become adapted to a wide range of env

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22
Q

Why would certain species be more genetically variable?

A

Species subjected to higher rates of mutation in their DNA than other species

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22
Q

What is genetic variability?

A

variation of DNA and species

23
Q

State the difficulties of defining species:

A

Species evolve and change over time
Artificial selection brings about variation
Many species are extinct and have left no fossil record
Isolated species may/may not be different species
Some species are sterile e.g the mule

24
Q

How is a mule made? Descr the genetic makeup in this?

A

Horse and donkey.
Horse: 64 chr and donkey= 62 chr.
When gametes fuse a zygote is produced with 63 chr.
Gametes cannot be prod by meiosis due to this odd number

25
Q

Genus

A

A group of similar or closely related species

26
Q

Family

A

A group of related genera

27
Q

Order

A

A group of related families

28
Q

Class

A

A group of related orders

29
Q

Phylum

A

A group of related classes

30
Q

Kingdom

A

A group of related phyla

31
Q

List the largest to the smallest group:

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

32
Q

What does taxonomy inv?

A

1: Nonmenclature- scientific naming of org using the binominal syst
2: Systematics: placing of organisms onto groups based on their similarities and differences

33
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The process of classifying species and larger groups based on their ancestral relationships

34
Q

What techniques are used to est phylogeny?

A

Morphology, anatomy, cell str and biochemistry

35
Q

What does morphology refer to?

A

External features (presence of 4 limbs) of an organism

36
Q

What does anatomy refer to?

A

The internal features (presences of backbones)

37
Q

What is a good example of morphology and anatomy and how is this used?

A

Pentadactyl limb- basic unit on which many forms of the vertebrate limb are based. Shows all vertebrates are related and have a common ancestry although limbs evolved look very different and have different functions

38
Q

In a biochem basis what impact does species being more closely related have?

A

The more similar their DNA will be. DNA codes for aa in seq in a protein thru mRNA- follows more closely related species are, the more similar their RNA and protein seq ill be

39
Q

How does evolution change the DNA?

A

Mutations means the seq of the bases within the DNA may be altered leading to the subsequent prod of different mRNA and proteins

40
Q

Prokaryote

A

Single celled organisms
Prokaryotic cells

41
Q

Protoctista

A

Often single celled eukaryotic org (some multi-cellular but lim differentiation) inc protozoa and some algae

42
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic multi-cellular organisms with non-cellulose cell walls

43
Q

Plantae

A

Eukaryotic multi-cellular photosynthetic organisms which include multi-cellular algae

44
Q

Animalia

A

Non-photosynthetic, multi-cellular organisms with nervous co-ordination

45
Q

What are the features of kingdom prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryote occur as single cells, cluster or strings of cells stuck together
All have prokaryotic cells
No nucleus or membr organelles
DNA lies free in the cytoplasm (not org in chr)
Ribosomes are smaller than in eukaryotic cells
Cell walls made of peptidoglycans
No microtubules
Cell division is by fission
E.g bacteria and blue-green algae

46
Q

What are the features of kingdom protoctista?

A

Eukaryotic org may be unicellular/ multicellular. If multicellular they have limited differentiation into different tissues.

Some are unicellular, others are organised into filaments with cells joined end to end or some are multi-cellular. If multi-cellular but have limited differentiation

Some are heterotrophs e.g paramecium and ingest food while others are autotrophic e.g pleurococcus and can phs

Green algae are typical plant cells (have cellulose cell walls and chlorophyll) but are not classes as plants are unicellular. The Phylum Protozoa has unicellular protoctistans that are heterotrophic.
Not classed as animals as they are unicellular.

47
Q

State features of kingdom fungi

A

Eukaryotic cells
Can be unicellular (yeast) or multi-cellular (mushroom)
Have a cell wall made of chitin
Cells are org in hyphae, each cell having many nuclei (multi-nucleated)
Fungi have lysotrophic or saprophytic ode of nutr- feed by decomposing organic matter.
Secrete hydrolytic digestive enzymes onto organic substrate by exocytosis, enzymes digest the substrate and then abs the soluble products of digestion. This is extra- cellular digestion.
Fungi are imp decomposers, crucial in the breakdown and recycling of organic matter
Mushrooms and toadstools are the specialised reproducitve str, above ground that rel spores in the sexual reprod stage of the life cycle

48
Q

State the features of kingdom plantae:

A

Multi-cellular
Eukaryotic and have a c.w made of cellulose
Plants are autotrophs (producers) they obtain carb by phs
Light is abs by chlorophyll on lamellae within the chloroplasts
Store carbs as starch and lipids as oils
E.g mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants

49
Q

State the features of the kingdom animalia:

A

Multicellular eukaryotes
Animals are heterotrophs )by consuming organic food from other organisms). A key dif between animals and fungi is that an animal takes in its food then digests it, whereas fungi digest their food before taking it in.
Most are capable of locomotion ( at some stage of their lifecycle)
E.g flatworms, insects, chordates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals)

50
Q

State the 3 domains that all organisms can be grouped into:

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryotes

51
Q

What does bacteria and archaea have in common?

A

Prokaryotes

52
Q

What can some archaea produce that bacteria cannot?

A

Methane

52
Q

State a similarity and a difference between archaea and bacteria

A

V similar in appearance
Dif in DNA rep, gen and metabolic pathways

53
Q

What does archaea include?

A

Species that live in extreme env such as high temp/ v salty water

AS2 Biology (6 decks)

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