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Renal Physiology > The Urinary System - Herron > Flashcards

The Urinary System - Herron Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway of urine?

A

The kidney produces urine.
Urine passes to the ureters.
Then to the bladder for storage until discharged through urethra.

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2
Q

What does the hilum consist of?

A

Renal artery
Renal Vein
Nerves
Renal Pelvis

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3
Q

What is the parenchyma of the kidney divided into?

A

Cortex (outer layer)

Medulla (Inner Layer)

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4
Q

Where are the pyramids located?

A

In the medulla

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5
Q

What is the apex of the pyramid?

A

Renal Papilla

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6
Q

What is the tissue between adjacent pyramids?

A

renal column

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7
Q

What is a lobe?

A

a medullary pyramid and the overlying cortex plus 1/2 of the renal columns on each side of the pyramid

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8
Q

What are calyces?

A

Extensions of the renal pelvis into the proper kidney

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9
Q

How many renal papilla does a minor calyx surround?

A

One

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10
Q

What is a major calyx?

A

The combination of two or more minor calyces

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11
Q

What is the function of the minor calyx?

A

Drains the urine from the papilla of the pyramid into the major calyx (beginning of renal pelvis)

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12
Q

How many lobes does each kidney have?

A

8-10

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13
Q

What does the structure of the kidney allow the kidney to do (functions)?

A

remove waste from the blood and excrete it as urine
regulate electrolyte balance (na, k, h, ca)
regulate plasma volume and bp
produce hormones

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14
Q

what hormones does the kidney produce?

A

EPO, for rbc formation
renin, involved in water retention for bp and volume regulation
converts vit d precursor to active form of vit d.

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15
Q

what is the structural and functional unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

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16
Q

what does the nephron consist of

A

renal corpuscle and its tubules

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17
Q

where does the renal corpuscle’s tubules end?

A

at the collecting duct

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18
Q

How many nephrons does the human kidney have?

A

800k to 1 mill

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19
Q

What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidney?

A

25%

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20
Q

What are the four main segments of the nephron tubule?

A

Proximal thick segment
Thing segment
Distal thick segment
loop of henle

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21
Q

what are the segments of the proximal thick segment?

A

proximal convuluted tubule

proximal straight tubule

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22
Q

what are the segments of the thin segment?

A

thin limb

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23
Q

what are the parts o the distal thick segment

A 
Medullary thick ascending limb (mtal)
cortical thick acscending limg (ctal)
     macula densa (md)
disetal convoluted tubule (dct)
connecting segment (ct)
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24
Q

what is the dividing point between the proximal and distal tubules?

A

the macula densa

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25
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

NOT part of the nephron
Conducts urine from the nephron tubule to the renal papillae
Consists of the cortical collecting duct and the medullary collecting duct

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26
Q

what does the collecting duct consist of?

A

cortical collecting duct

medullary collecting duct

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27
Q

what are the ducts of bellini?

A

the papillary duct or collecting duct

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28
Q

how do you distinguish between different tubular segments and dcuts?

A

PCT are larger, have a lot of microvilli (increases the SA), which forms the distinctive brush border
DCT don’t ahve brush border, smaller, sharper luminal void and a higher [ ] of cells

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29
Q

How can you identify collecting ducts on histo?

A

they are like ice cube trays and you can see the border between adjacent cells

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30
Q

how can you identify the thin segment of the loop of henle?

A

seen by squamous cells, flattened with thin and small lumen

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31
Q

what type of cells do collecting ducts and thick segments both have? (in contrast to squamous cells of the thin segment of the loop of henle?

A

cuboidal cells

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32
Q

describe the shapes of the lumen of dct and pct

A

pct have a star shaped lumen, with a brush border

dct have a round lumen with a distinct border

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33
Q

describe the diameters of dct vs proximal tubules

A

the outside diameters of prox tubules are larger than those of distal tubules

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34
Q

do proximal or distal tubules have more nuclei in their cross sections?

A

the distal tubules have more, but have less than CDs.

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35
Q

describe the walls of the collecting ducts

A

they are cuboidal and smaller than those of proximal tubules. they also display a relatively larger number of nuclei than do comparable segmetns of proximal tubules.

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36
Q

what two cells types can make the walls of the thin segments?

A

low cuboidal cells or simple squamous

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37
Q

when looking at a histo slide near a corpuscle, will more of the visible areas be proximal or distal?

A

proximal

38
Q

What is the beginning of the nephron?

A

the renal corpuscle

39
Q

what brings blood directly to teh renal capillaries? away from them?

A 
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole (STILL artery)
40
Q

Is the afferent or efferent arteriole alrger?

A

afferent is always larger

41
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A

glomerulus ( a tuft of capillaries)
bowman’s capsule (two layers, visceral and parietal)
urinary space (between visceral and parietal layers)

42
Q

where does the ultrafiltrate drain to WITHIN the renal corpuscle?

A

the urinary space

43
Q

what and where are the mesangial cells?

A

that phagocytose debris, provide structural support, and secrete substances (il1) for repair of the glomerulus
they are located amongst the cappilaries

44
Q

what are the different types of nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons
intermediate neprhons

45
Q

what are cortical nephrons

A

have a short loop of henle, located near the surface of the kidney

46
Q

what are juxtamedullary neprhons

A

close to the medullary boundary, and have long loops of henle

47
Q

what are intermediate nephrons

A

those with intermediate loops of henle

48
Q

what separates the cortex from the medulla?

A

the arcuate artery

49
Q

what are the subdivisions of the cortex?

A

cortical labyrinths

medullary rays

50
Q

what are the cortical labyrinths

A

one of the subdivisions of the cortex

consist of renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted and distal convoluted tubules

51
Q

what are medullary rays?

A

subdivision of the cortex, consisting of aggregation of straight tubules and collecting ducts, lies between the cortical labyrinths.

52
Q

on a histological slide, why are medullary rays so easy to identify?

A

they are multiple straight lines surrounded on each side by normal looking histology

53
Q

what is a lobule?

A

consists of the medullary ray and adjacent half of labyrinths
parallels the organization of lobes (which are medullary pyramids and overlying 1/2 of renal columns)

54
Q

where in the kidney does the majority of cardiac output go?

A

90% goes to the cortex

55
Q

Which artery carries blood to the kidney?

A

the renal artery

56
Q

what is the arterial pathway and divisions?

A

renal artery - lobar arteries - interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - interlobular arteries - afferent arterioles - tuft of capillaries - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries -

57
Q

explain the different formations of efferent arterioles in the cortical vs juxtamedullary areas?

A

those in cortical area produce the peritubular capillary network that surrounds local tubules
those in the juxtamedullary glomeruli descend into medulla to from arteriole rectae

58
Q

LOOK UP EFFERENT ARTERIOLES MAKING PERITUBULAR CAPILLARY AND ARTERIOLE RECTAE

A

YEA….. DO IT

59
Q

where are interlobular arteries?

A

between lobules…as the name implies

60
Q

what are the three principal functions of nephrons?

A

filtration of blood making ultrafiltrate
reabsorption (mostly in pct)
secretion

61
Q

where does filtration primarily occur

A

glomerulus, bc it contains the filtration apparatus

62
Q

how much do the two kidneys filter per day

A

180 l/day or 125 ml/min

63
Q

what are the three components of the filtration apparatus?

A
  1. fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus
  2. basement membrane of the glomerulus (loops of cpaillaries)
  3. basement membrane of the podocytes
64
Q

what do podocyte processes form?

A

numerous secondary processes called pedicels (or foot processes) around glomerulus

65
Q

what are the elongated spaces between pedicels called?

A

filtration slits

66
Q

What part is considered the ultimate barrier?

A

the ultimate barrier is the lamina densa

67
Q

why is the lamina densa considered such a good barrier?

A

only molecules that are neutrally charged and less than 70000 daltons can pass through the lamina densa

68
Q

why and proteins generally excluded by the lamina densa?

A

the lamina densa is made of heparin, which is negatively charge. likewise most proteins are negatively charged. so albumin, which is small enough to pass through, will not because of the charge of the protein

69
Q

How is the basal lamina different in diabetes mellitus?

A

it is thicker than normal and functionally leaky so an excessive amount of protein gets lost in the urine.
May lead to low blood albumin (leading to edema)
all of this together is called nephrotic syndrome

70
Q

Where do reabsorption and secretion occur?

A

tubules

71
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

when filtered products in the renal tubules are reabsorbed back into the peritubular capillaries

72
Q

what is secretion?

A

when prodcues (h k nh3 etc) from peritubular capillaries are secreted into the provisional urine of the tubules and collecting ducts

73
Q

what is the major site of reabsorption

A

proximal convuluted tubule (where most h20 and electrolytes and all glucose is reabsorped)

74
Q

Where does secretion largely occur?

A

distal part of nephron (thin limb and distal tubules) and collecting ducts

75
Q

what types of interactions largely manage reabsorption and secretion?

A

electrochemical reactions

76
Q

what does the juxtamedullary apparatus consist of?

A

macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells (on afferent and efferent arterioles), and extraglomerular mesangial cells

77
Q

what does juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

A

regulates blood pressure

78
Q

how are the macula densa cells different from the adjacent tubule cells?

A

they are narrower, usually taller and more crowded

79
Q

what do the macula densa cells do?

A

they monitor blood volume and sodium concentration

80
Q

Under what conditions do jg cells activate a system for restoring homeostasis?

A

Under low sodium intake or decreased volume of circulating blood, jg cells active renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

81
Q

Give an overview of regulation of blood pressure by jg cells

A

macula densa cells monitor physiological conditions and communicate with jg cells
jg cells contain granules of renin which is released when signaled to by macula densa cells.

82
Q

where are the jg cells located?

A

they are located on the exterior of the afferent arteriole

83
Q

what do all excretory pathways except the urethra contain in terms of general structure?

A

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia or serosa

84
Q

all excretory passages except the lower part of the urethra are lined by ___________?

A

transitional epithelium

85
Q

what is the lower part of the urethra lined with

A

stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium

86
Q

Make sure you are practicing for the practical

A

yep

87
Q

In the kidney, papillary ducts:
a. release urine into renal pelvis
b receive ultrafiltrate from urinary space
c release urine into minor calyces
d receive urine from distal convoluted tubules
e release urine into straight connecting ducts

A

c

88
Q 
what tubular segment contains the macula densa?
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
distal straight tubule
proximal straight tubule
thin limb
A

c

89
Q

podocytes form?

A

the visceral layer of bowmans capsule

90
Q

cells in which structure are responsible for the repair of the glomerulus?

A

mesangium

91
Q

the macula densa is a specialized region of the

A

distal straight tubule

Renal Physiology (26 decks)

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