The Urinary System Flashcards
urinary system consists of
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
retroperitoneal
location of kidneys, which is against depression against deep muscles of the back behind parietal peritoneum
kidneys are covered by a
fibrous connective tissue called the renal capsule
around the renal capsule is a layer of fat, ______ and an outer fibrous membrane anchors the kidney to muscles of body wall ____
the adipose capsule (protective), renal fascia
notch-like depression on surface of kidney
hilum - where blood and lymph vessels enter and leave the kidney where the ureter attaches to the kidney
3 parts of kidney and their functions
- cortex (granular) blood is filtered
- medulla (striated) collecting ducts, contains renal pyramids
- pelvis (cavity-like) where urine collects before entering ureter
the ____ is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
Bowman’s Capsule is a cup shaped structure of a nephron that has a _______ at the center
mass of capillaries called a glomerulus
Blood enters the glomerulus via the ___ and leaves through the ______.
afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole
two layers of cells in glomerulus
inner layer of epithelial cells called podocytes, outer layer of squamous epithelium
part of tubule closest to Bowman’s capsule
proximal convoluted tubule (contains microvilli)
next part of nephron after prox. conv. tubule
Loop of Henle
after loop of Henle, there is the
distal convoluted tubule which empties in a collecting duct that receives liquid waste from nephrons
The granular appearance of the cortex is due to
Bowman’s capsules and convoluted tubules
The renal pyramids of the medulla look
striated bc of Loops of Henle and collected ducts
each nephron has a specialized structure called _______ which helps to _____.
juxtaglomerular apparatus, regular blood pressure and the rate of filtrate information
the juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of juxtaglomerular cells in the
wall of the afferent arteriole near where it enters the glomerulus and large cells called macula densa in the distal convoluted tube
blood enters each kidney through the
renal artery
the renal artery branches into
interlobar arteries
when interlobar arteries reach boundary between medulla and cortex they branch into
arcuate arteries which extend into the cortex
the outermost covering of the kidney is the
capsule
the kidneys are located in the _____ space
retroperitoneal
the entrance to the kidney is called the
hilum
which structure is the first to collect the urine?
calyx
each minor calyx receives urine from the
renal papillae
the renal pyramids are located within the
medulla
the striated appearances of the pyramids is caused by
microtubules
what is the basic functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
The kidney secretes _______ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity
Erythropoietin
The kidneys secretes _____ which is an enzyme – hormone which raises blood pressure
Renin
what is the function of the renal system?
Maintain blood, pH, regulate blood pressure, control blood concentration
How much cardiac output passes through the kidneys
25%
which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex
interlobular artery
The renal corpuscle is comprised of a
glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
which section of the nephron follows the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
the last part of the nephron is the
collecting duct
which area actually secretes renin into the blood
juxtaglomerular cells
which blood vessels conveys blood out of the NEPHRON
interlobular vein
which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle
vasa recta
which process is most affected by blood pressure
glomerular filtration
which of the following are not found in the glomerular filtrate
protein
which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys
creatinine
which of these has the highest concentration in the urine
sodium
which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium
potassium
what is the average glomerular filtration rate
180L per day
which of the following is usually not found in urine
magnesium
how much urine is formed in 24 hours
1.5 L
renin acts on _______ to convert it to angiotensin I
angiotensinogen
the targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and
adrenal cortex
tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the
peritubular capillaries
most tubular reabsorption occurs at the
proximal convoluted tubule
where are most microvilli found
proximal convoluted tubule
renin acts on plasma protein called angiotensinogen, which releases _____ which is converted by another enzyme to ______ which stimulates the _______ to release aldosterone to increase blood pressure
angiotensin 1, angiotensin 2, adrenal cortex
which of the following occurred by active transport
reabsorption of amino acids
which of these does not operate under a renal threshold mechanism?
sodium
the action of aldosterone
is to increase sodium reabsorption
how much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron
70%
the countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the
loop of Henle
the fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative to the capillaries
hypertonic
what affect does ADH have on urine output
decreases
where does ADH have its greatest effect
distal convoluted tubule
the mixture took reflex is centered in the
sacral cord
renal calculi are usually NOT comprised of
cholesterol
vigorous exercise could release high amounts of ______ into the urine
albumin
the compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is _____
inulin
which of these is NOT usually secreted by the kidneys
creatine
renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the distal convoluted tubule
peritubular capillaries
i ric acid results from ______ metabolism
purine
Where does ADH have its greatest effect?
distal convoluted tubules
ADH causes distal convoluted tubule and surrounding capillaries to ______
increase their permeability to water to be reabsorbed
the function of the countercurrent multiplier is to
increase concentration of NaCl
Which of the following is usually not found in urine
glucose
the three layers of the ureters
- inner mucous membrane of transitional epithelium
- middle muscular layer
- outer fibrous layer
urine enters the bladder by
peristaltic contractions
transitional epithelium cells of the BLADDER are _____ when the bladder is stretched and filled with urine, and ______ when the urine is empty
flattened, rounded up
