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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system consists of

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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2
Q

retroperitoneal

A

location of kidneys, which is against depression against deep muscles of the back behind parietal peritoneum

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3
Q

kidneys are covered by a

A

fibrous connective tissue called the renal capsule

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4
Q

around the renal capsule is a layer of fat, ______ and an outer fibrous membrane anchors the kidney to muscles of body wall ____

A

the adipose capsule (protective), renal fascia

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5
Q

notch-like depression on surface of kidney

A

hilum - where blood and lymph vessels enter and leave the kidney where the ureter attaches to the kidney

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6
Q

3 parts of kidney and their functions

A
  1. cortex (granular) blood is filtered
  2. medulla (striated) collecting ducts, contains renal pyramids
  3. pelvis (cavity-like) where urine collects before entering ureter
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7
Q

the ____ is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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8
Q

Bowman’s Capsule is a cup shaped structure of a nephron that has a _______ at the center

A

mass of capillaries called a glomerulus

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9
Q

Blood enters the glomerulus via the ___ and leaves through the ______.

A

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

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10
Q

two layers of cells in glomerulus

A

inner layer of epithelial cells called podocytes, outer layer of squamous epithelium

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11
Q

part of tubule closest to Bowman’s capsule

A

proximal convoluted tubule (contains microvilli)

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12
Q

next part of nephron after prox. conv. tubule

A

Loop of Henle

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13
Q

after loop of Henle, there is the

A

distal convoluted tubule which empties in a collecting duct that receives liquid waste from nephrons

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14
Q

The granular appearance of the cortex is due to

A

Bowman’s capsules and convoluted tubules

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15
Q

The renal pyramids of the medulla look

A

striated bc of Loops of Henle and collected ducts

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16
Q

each nephron has a specialized structure called _______ which helps to _____.

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus, regular blood pressure and the rate of filtrate information

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17
Q

the juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of juxtaglomerular cells in the

A

wall of the afferent arteriole near where it enters the glomerulus and large cells called macula densa in the distal convoluted tube

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18
Q

blood enters each kidney through the

A

renal artery

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19
Q

the renal artery branches into

A

interlobar arteries

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20
Q

when interlobar arteries reach boundary between medulla and cortex they branch into

A

arcuate arteries which extend into the cortex

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21
Q

the outermost covering of the kidney is the

A

capsule

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22
Q

the kidneys are located in the _____ space

A

retroperitoneal

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23
Q

the entrance to the kidney is called the

A

hilum

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24
Q

which structure is the first to collect the urine?

A

calyx

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25
Q

each minor calyx receives urine from the

A

renal papillae

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26
Q

the renal pyramids are located within the

A

medulla

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27
Q

the striated appearances of the pyramids is caused by

A

microtubules

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28
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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29
Q

The kidney secretes _______ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity

A

Erythropoietin

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30
Q

The kidneys secretes _____ which is an enzyme – hormone which raises blood pressure

A

Renin

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31
Q

what is the function of the renal system?

A

Maintain blood, pH, regulate blood pressure, control blood concentration

32
Q

How much cardiac output passes through the kidneys

A

25%

33
Q

which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex

A

interlobular artery

34
Q

The renal corpuscle is comprised of a

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

35
Q

which section of the nephron follows the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

distal convoluted tubule

36
Q

the last part of the nephron is the

A

collecting duct

37
Q

which area actually secretes renin into the blood

A

juxtaglomerular cells

38
Q

which blood vessels conveys blood out of the NEPHRON

A

interlobular vein

39
Q

which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle

A

vasa recta

40
Q

which process is most affected by blood pressure

A

glomerular filtration

41
Q

which of the following are not found in the glomerular filtrate

A

protein

42
Q

which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys

A

creatinine

43
Q

which of these has the highest concentration in the urine

A

sodium

44
Q

which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium

A

potassium

45
Q

what is the average glomerular filtration rate

A

180L per day

46
Q

which of the following is usually not found in urine

A

magnesium

47
Q

how much urine is formed in 24 hours

A

1.5 L

48
Q

renin acts on _______ to convert it to angiotensin I

A

angiotensinogen

49
Q

the targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and

A

adrenal cortex

50
Q

tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the

A

peritubular capillaries

51
Q

most tubular reabsorption occurs at the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

52
Q

where are most microvilli found

A

proximal convoluted tubule

53
Q

renin acts on plasma protein called angiotensinogen, which releases _____ which is converted by another enzyme to ______ which stimulates the _______ to release aldosterone to increase blood pressure

A

angiotensin 1, angiotensin 2, adrenal cortex

54
Q

which of the following occurred by active transport

A

reabsorption of amino acids

55
Q

which of these does not operate under a renal threshold mechanism?

A

sodium

56
Q

the action of aldosterone

A

is to increase sodium reabsorption

57
Q

how much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron

A

70%

58
Q

the countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the

A

loop of Henle

59
Q

the fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative to the capillaries

A

hypertonic

60
Q

what affect does ADH have on urine output

A

decreases

61
Q

where does ADH have its greatest effect

A

distal convoluted tubule

62
Q

the mixture took reflex is centered in the

A

sacral cord

63
Q

renal calculi are usually NOT comprised of

A

cholesterol

64
Q

vigorous exercise could release high amounts of ______ into the urine

A

albumin

65
Q

the compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is _____

A

inulin

66
Q

which of these is NOT usually secreted by the kidneys

A

creatine

67
Q

renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the distal convoluted tubule

A

peritubular capillaries

68
Q

i ric acid results from ______ metabolism

A

purine

69
Q

Where does ADH have its greatest effect?

A

distal convoluted tubules

70
Q

ADH causes distal convoluted tubule and surrounding capillaries to ______

A

increase their permeability to water to be reabsorbed

71
Q

the function of the countercurrent multiplier is to

A

increase concentration of NaCl

72
Q

Which of the following is usually not found in urine

A

glucose

73
Q

the three layers of the ureters

A
  1. inner mucous membrane of transitional epithelium
  2. middle muscular layer
  3. outer fibrous layer
74
Q

urine enters the bladder by

A

peristaltic contractions

75
Q

transitional epithelium cells of the BLADDER are _____ when the bladder is stretched and filled with urine, and ______ when the urine is empty

A

flattened, rounded up

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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