The UPS in NDDs Flashcards
Maintaining proteostasis in neurons is especially important due to
– their complex architecture (ex. long axons)
– long lifespan
– inability to dilute aggregate load through cell division (no cell division therefore get stuck with issues)
The UPS is critical for functioning of neuronal synapses:
– Synaptic protein turnover
– Plasticity
– Long-term memory formation
Dysfunction of the UPS in NDDs can occur at…
- Impaired ubiquitination
- Loss of proteasome
- Disease-associated misfolded proteins inhibit the proteasome directly
- Secondary impairment of proteasome due to mitochondrial dysfunction
- aggravated by age-related decline of proteasomal catalytic activity
Impaired ubiquitination due to
– depletion or reduced activity of E1, E2, or E3 enzymes
– Ubb+1 (decreased recognition by UPS)
Result of loss of proteosome activity
results in accumulation of misfolded proteins, which can further impair catalytic activity
Secondary impariment of protesome due to mit damage
Mit damage/dysfunction leads to ATP depletion and ROS production –> increase number of abnormal proteins and inhibit proteosome
With age…
proteosomal catalytic activity is decreased
Misfolded proteins lead to a ___ in proteosome function
decrease/inhibition
How is cytotoxic mHTT removed
UNCLEAR
– soluble mHtt is not efficiently targeted by the 26S proteasome
– lack of efficient ubiquitination for proteasomal degradation leads to intracellular aggregation driven by the intrinsic disordered structure of mHtt
The data on proteasomal impairment in HD are contradictory
- mHtt impairs the UPS in cultured cells
- Proteasomes are not impaired in many animal models of HD
Impairment of UPS in HD has been attributed to:
– inefficient targeting of soluble mHtt for proteasomal degradation
– inhibition of 26S proteasome gate opening by soluble oligomeric mHtt species
mHTT inclusions (IBs)in the brains of HD patients and HD mice are ______ (deficient/enriched) in UPS components
enriched
– mHTT species can be initially tagged with Ub but are poor substrates for the proteasome
– suggest direct (mHtt protein) or indirect (proteins associated to mHtt) sequestration of the proteasome into the IBs
T/f: proteasome sequestration plays a major role in UPS dysfunction in HD
FALSE
as a large proportion of protesomes remain free (and still active)
More recent proposal of UPS and HD
global proteostasis network dysfunction: diffuse mHtt might inhibit the proteasome indirectly by saturating the protein folding machinery and diverting an excess of
other proteins to the UPS that then becomes impaired
Collapse of Proteostasis in HD
1) Chronic production of misfolded mHtt overwhelms chaperones
2) Chaperone exhaustion acts synergistically with aging
• decrease chaperone availability, leads to the misfolding and accumulation of other chaperone client protein
3) Misfolded proteins are diverted to the proteasome exceeding its capacity, and causing UPS impairment
3b) Mitochondria dysfunction limits ATP production and impairs energy-dependent protein clearance pathways (Autophagy)
4)Proteostasis collapse increases the levels of diffuse mHtt