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Genetics Lecture > The Ultrastructures of the Cell > Flashcards

The Ultrastructures of the Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell’s form and function dependent on?

A

The cell’s form and function are dependent on specific genetic expression

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2
Q

What are the types of cells?

A
  1. Somatic cells/Body cells
  2. Germ cells/Gametes/Sex cells
  3. Stem cells
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3
Q

Somatic Cells/Body Cells

A

diploid (2 copies of the genome)

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4
Q

Germ Cells/Gametes/Sex Cells

A
  • sperm and egg cells

- haploid (with 1 copy of the genome)

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5
Q

What do sperm and egg cells’ union result to?

A

Sperm cell and egg’s union lead to diploid state

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6
Q

Stem Cells

A
  • diploid
  • when it divides, it results to another stem cell and differentiated cells
  • allow the body’s development, growth, and repair
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7
Q

What are the cell’s chemical components?

A
  1. Macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids)
  2. Vitamins and Minerals
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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

-gives energy and cell structure

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9
Q

Lipids

A

-form membranes and basis of some hormones; gives insulation and storage of energy

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10
Q

Proteins

A

-with a variety of functions

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11
Q

Enzyme

A

catalyze biochemical reactions

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12
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • DNA and RNA

- translate information into particular protein collections

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13
Q

Plasma membrane/cell membrane

A
  • outer covering
  • separates the cell from its external environment; regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell (through a semi-permeable membrane)
  • allows materials to enter and exit the cell (transport of materials)
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14
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • found in plant cells only

- consists mainly of cellulose

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15
Q

Glycocalyx/Cell coat

A
  • possessed by several animal cells
  • made up of glycoproteins and polysaccharides
  • gives biochemical identity at the cell’s surface
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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • located inside the plasma membrane
  • includes extranuclear cellular organelles (extranuclear pertains to the organelles’ location of being outside of the nucleus)
  • boundaries: between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope
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17
Q

Cytosol

A

-nonparticulate, colloidal material

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18
Q

Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton

A
  • compose of microtubules and microfilaments
  • maintains cell shape, facilitates cell mobility, and anchors organelles
  • framework of the cell
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19
Q

Nucleus

A
  • most noticeable organelle
  • is the genetic headquarters
  • the largest structure in a typical human cell
  • lies between 2 membrane layers that make up the nuclear envelope
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20
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

-encloses the nucleus

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21
Q

Nuclear pores

A
  • rings of several types of proteins around an opening

- permit entrance and exit of biochemicals

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22
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

-internal surface of nuclear membrane
-made up of fibrous material
-turns off gene expression that
have contact with it;
- gives mechanical support and keeps the nuclear pores in place

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23
Q

Found inside the nucleus are:

A
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Chromosomes
  3. Other Proteins
  4. RNA, Enzymes and Other types of Proteins
  5. Nucleoplasm
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24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • membranous organelle
    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • labyrinth of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubules; extends from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane
  • aids circulate various materials throughout the cytoplasm; store enzymes and proteins; where ribosomes attach
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25
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • with ribosomes attached; produces proteins

- site for protein synthesis

26
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • without ribosomes attached; produces lipids

- site for lipid synthesis, detoxification of organic molecules, and storage of calcium ions (in muscle cells)

27
Q

Ribosomes

A

-messenger RNA (mRNA)’s genetic information is translated into proteins occurs here

28
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • membranous organelle
  • where of oxidative phases of cellular respiration happens
  • produces Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
  • power generators
  • spherical to elongated; outer membrane (smooth) while inner membrane (folded)
29
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • found in plants, algae, and some protozoans

- undergo photosynthesis

30
Q

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts both have?

A

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA as a result they can duplicate themselves, transcribe and translate their own genetic information (this genetic information is the secondary DNA)

31
Q

Centrioles

A
  • possessed by animal cells and some plant cells; in pair; located in centrosome
  • organizes spindle fibers needed for mitosis and meiosis
32
Q

Other Cellular Components

A

Stored proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; pigment molecules; and various other small chemicals

33
Q

Genetic Expression

A

Biochemical instruction that directs the cell to produce proteins, then the proteins will produce specific characteristics.

34
Q

What does the term, “body cell” suggest?

A

The term “body cell” suggests that they are the cells that are dominant in the body.

35
Q

What happens during fertilization?

A

Implication of fertilization to the genome – once the haploid undergoes fertilization, they will become diploid.

36
Q

What function makes the stem cell significant?

A

Allows the body’s development, growth, and repair.

37
Q

Examples of carbohydrates

A

Rice and pasta

38
Q

Examples of lipids

A

Butter and vegetable oil

39
Q

What do ribosomes produce?

A

Proteins

40
Q

Which organelle of the cell produces protein?

A

Ribosomes

41
Q

What is the type of membrane the lipid forms?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

42
Q

What is insulation?

A

Can help with organism’s body temperature

43
Q

True or False. Lipids cannot be a source of energy.

A

FALSE. Lipids can be a source of energy IF NEEDED.

44
Q

What is emphasized in the Genetics subject? (in terms of macromolecules)

A

Enzymes

45
Q

What kind of membrane is a semi-permeable membrane?

A

The type of membrane which the plasma membrane is wherein not all materials can easily pass through

46
Q

What does the regulation of the movement of materials in and out of the cell speak of?

A

Speaks of the internal membrane activity.

47
Q

What is the internal membrane activity?

A

Chemical reactions that happens inside the cell (carried by the organelles) which must be separated from the external environment

48
Q

Where is the plasma membrane for plants?

A

It is inner for plants; cell wall is the outer covering

49
Q

What is biochemical identity?

A

It means that the cell recognizes it as its own.

50
Q

What will happen if the cell has no biochemical identity?

A

The cell will be rejected if without and removed by our immune system.

51
Q

Examples of biochemical identity markers

A

AB, Rh, and MN antigens

52
Q

What does the anchoring of organelles suggest?

A

It suggests that the organelles are being held together.

53
Q

What does the cell’s structure support the cell to be?

A

It supports the cell to be independent – that’s why unicellular organisms can exist.

54
Q

What does “organ” in organelles mean?

A

It means body.

55
Q

What does “elles” in organelles mean?

A

It means very small.

56
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

57
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA complexed with numerous proteins (DNA and proteins are structurally organized)

58
Q

Other proteins

A

Fibrous; fill up the nucleus (gives the nucleus a roughly spherical shape)

59
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Nucleus’ fluid context (fluid within nucleus itself)

60
Q

Membranous organelle

A

Has organelle membrane; not only cell has membrane but the organelles themselves have organelle membrane

61
Q

Intracellular transport

A

Transports materials inside the cell

Genetics Lecture (4 decks)

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