The Ultrastructures of the Cell Flashcards
1
Q
What is the cell’s form and function dependent on?
A
The cell’s form and function are dependent on specific genetic expression
2
Q
What are the types of cells?
A
- Somatic cells/Body cells
- Germ cells/Gametes/Sex cells
- Stem cells
3
Q
Somatic Cells/Body Cells
A
diploid (2 copies of the genome)
4
Q
Germ Cells/Gametes/Sex Cells
A
- sperm and egg cells
- haploid (with 1 copy of the genome)
5
Q
What do sperm and egg cells’ union result to?
A
Sperm cell and egg’s union lead to diploid state
6
Q
Stem Cells
A
- diploid
- when it divides, it results to another stem cell and differentiated cells
- allow the body’s development, growth, and repair
7
Q
What are the cell’s chemical components?
A
- Macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids)
- Vitamins and Minerals
8
Q
Carbohydrates
A
-gives energy and cell structure
9
Q
Lipids
A
-form membranes and basis of some hormones; gives insulation and storage of energy
10
Q
Proteins
A
-with a variety of functions
11
Q
Enzyme
A
catalyze biochemical reactions
12
Q
Nucleic acids
A
- DNA and RNA
- translate information into particular protein collections
13
Q
Plasma membrane/cell membrane
A
- outer covering
- separates the cell from its external environment; regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell (through a semi-permeable membrane)
- allows materials to enter and exit the cell (transport of materials)
14
Q
Cell Wall
A
- found in plant cells only
- consists mainly of cellulose
15
Q
Glycocalyx/Cell coat
A
- possessed by several animal cells
- made up of glycoproteins and polysaccharides
- gives biochemical identity at the cell’s surface
16
Q
Cytoplasm
A
- located inside the plasma membrane
- includes extranuclear cellular organelles (extranuclear pertains to the organelles’ location of being outside of the nucleus)
- boundaries: between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope
17
Q
Cytosol
A
-nonparticulate, colloidal material
18
Q
Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton
A
- compose of microtubules and microfilaments
- maintains cell shape, facilitates cell mobility, and anchors organelles
- framework of the cell
19
Q
Nucleus
A
- most noticeable organelle
- is the genetic headquarters
- the largest structure in a typical human cell
- lies between 2 membrane layers that make up the nuclear envelope
20
Q
Nuclear envelope
A
-encloses the nucleus
21
Q
Nuclear pores
A
- rings of several types of proteins around an opening
- permit entrance and exit of biochemicals
22
Q
Nuclear lamina
A
-internal surface of nuclear membrane
-made up of fibrous material
-turns off gene expression that
have contact with it;
- gives mechanical support and keeps the nuclear pores in place
23
Q
Found inside the nucleus are:
A
- Nucleolus
- Chromosomes
- Other Proteins
- RNA, Enzymes and Other types of Proteins
- Nucleoplasm
24
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- membranous organelle
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - labyrinth of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubules; extends from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane
- aids circulate various materials throughout the cytoplasm; store enzymes and proteins; where ribosomes attach
25
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- with ribosomes attached; produces proteins
| - site for protein synthesis
26
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- without ribosomes attached; produces lipids
| - site for lipid synthesis, detoxification of organic molecules, and storage of calcium ions (in muscle cells)
27
Ribosomes
-messenger RNA (mRNA)’s genetic information is translated into proteins occurs here
28
Mitochondria
- membranous organelle
- where of oxidative phases of cellular respiration happens
- produces Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- power generators
- spherical to elongated; outer membrane (smooth) while inner membrane (folded)
29
Chloroplasts
- found in plants, algae, and some protozoans
| - undergo photosynthesis
30
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts both have?
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA as a result they can duplicate themselves, transcribe and translate their own genetic information (this genetic information is the secondary DNA)
31
Centrioles
- possessed by animal cells and some plant cells; in pair; located in centrosome
- organizes spindle fibers needed for mitosis and meiosis
32
Other Cellular Components
Stored proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; pigment molecules; and various other small chemicals
33
Genetic Expression
Biochemical instruction that directs the cell to produce proteins, then the proteins will produce specific characteristics.
34
What does the term, "body cell" suggest?
The term "body cell" suggests that they are the cells that are dominant in the body.
35
What happens during fertilization?
Implication of fertilization to the genome -- once the haploid undergoes fertilization, they will become diploid.
36
What function makes the stem cell significant?
Allows the body's development, growth, and repair.
37
Examples of carbohydrates
Rice and pasta
38
Examples of lipids
Butter and vegetable oil
39
What do ribosomes produce?
Proteins
40
Which organelle of the cell produces protein?
Ribosomes
41
What is the type of membrane the lipid forms?
Phospholipid bilayer
42
What is insulation?
Can help with organism's body temperature
43
True or False. Lipids cannot be a source of energy.
FALSE. Lipids can be a source of energy IF NEEDED.
44
What is emphasized in the Genetics subject? (in terms of macromolecules)
Enzymes
45
What kind of membrane is a semi-permeable membrane?
The type of membrane which the plasma membrane is wherein not all materials can easily pass through
46
What does the regulation of the movement of materials in and out of the cell speak of?
Speaks of the internal membrane activity.
47
What is the internal membrane activity?
Chemical reactions that happens inside the cell (carried by the organelles) which must be separated from the external environment
48
Where is the plasma membrane for plants?
It is inner for plants; cell wall is the outer covering
49
What is biochemical identity?
It means that the cell recognizes it as its own.
50
What will happen if the cell has no biochemical identity?
The cell will be rejected if without and removed by our immune system.
51
Examples of biochemical identity markers
AB, Rh, and MN antigens
52
What does the anchoring of organelles suggest?
It suggests that the organelles are being held together.
53
What does the cell's structure support the cell to be?
It supports the cell to be independent -- that's why unicellular organisms can exist.
54
What does "organ" in organelles mean?
It means body.
55
What does "elles" in organelles mean?
It means very small.
56
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
57
Chromosomes
DNA complexed with numerous proteins (DNA and proteins are structurally organized)
58
Other proteins
Fibrous; fill up the nucleus (gives the nucleus a roughly spherical shape)
59
Nucleoplasm
Nucleus' fluid context (fluid within nucleus itself)
60
Membranous organelle
Has organelle membrane; not only cell has membrane but the organelles themselves have organelle membrane
61
Intracellular transport
Transports materials inside the cell
