Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology A- level ( year 1) > the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells: membrane- bound organelles > Flashcards

the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells: membrane- bound organelles Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what cells are eukaryotic?

A

all animal, plant, fungal and protocist cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

a nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA organised / wound into linear chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is the nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the nucleolus contain?

A

RNA, where chromosomes unwind (uncoil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the nucleolus involved in making?

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

network of protein filaments within the cytoplasm that move organelles from place to place with the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name two examples of protein filaments for the cytoskeleton

A

1- actin

2- microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the cytoskeleton allow cells to do?

A

to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name two cell examples cytoskeletons allow to move

A

1- amoebae

2- lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the cytoskeleton allow muscle cells to do?

A

contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

all animal, plant, fungal and protocist cells also have a plasma membrane. what are the other 2 names of this?/ what is the function of it?

A

1- cell surface membrane
2- cytoplasmic membrane
/ transports nutrients into cell/ transports toxic substances out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

other than the nucleus what other membrane- bound organelles do eukaryotic cells contain?

A
  • mitochondria ,
  • Golgi apparatus
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • small vesicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

do ribosomes have membranes?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is assembled in the ribosomes?

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens to organelles in the cytoplasm?

A

organelles are suspended (spread)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are cells?

A

the fundamental units or building blocks of all living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why do cells become specialised?

A

to do particular jobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what’s within every cell?

A

various organelles, each having specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does a cell having various organelles provide?

A

a division of labour (work) which means every cell can carry out its many functions efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

are most organelles within eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells membrane bound?

A

eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does it mean when organelles are membrane-bound?

A

covered by a membrane (similar in structure to the plasma membrane of cell surface membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why are organelles in eukaryotic cells membrane- bound?

A

keeps the organelle separate from the rest of the cell, so it is a discrete compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

do prokaryotic cells have membrane- bound organelles?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when it comes to membrane- bound membranes what has electron microscopy enabled scientists to do?

A

ascertain (discover) the structure of these organelles by making/ examining several sections through an organelle to build a 3D picture of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when it comes to membrane- bound organelles, what has biochemistry research enabled scientists to do?

A

find the function of each organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

a double membrane, called the nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what’s the structure like in a nuclear envelope?

A

there are pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

does the nucleolus have a membrane around it?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what acid does the nucleolus contain?

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is chromatin?

A

a genetic material, consisting of DNA wound around histone proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when the cell is not dividing, what happens to chromatin?

A

spread out or extended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when the cell is about to divide, what does chromatin do?

A

condenses/coils tightly into chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do chromosomes make up?

A

nearly all the organism’s genome (genetic material)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does the nuclear envelope do?

A

separates contents of nucleus from rest of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

in some regions, what happens between the outer and inner membranes?

A

they fuse together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

when the inner and outer nuclear membranes fuse together, what does this enable to happen?

A

dissolved substances/ ribosomes can pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what do the pores in the nuclear envelope enable to leave the nucleus ?

A

large substances such as messenger RNA (MRNA) to leave nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what do the pores in the nuclear envelope enable to enter the nucleus?/ from where are these coming from?

A

substances such as steroid hormones coming from the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is made in the Nucleolus?

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what do chromosomes contain?

A

organism’s genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the nucleus is the ——- center of the cell. fill in the gap

A

control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what does the nucleus store?

A

organism’s genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does the nucleus transmit?

A

genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what does the nucleus provide information for?

A

protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does the Golgi apparatus consist of?

A

membrane- bound flattened sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what brings materials to and from the Golgi apparatus?

A

secretory vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does the Golgi apparatus firstly do to proteins?

A

modify them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is added to proteins by the Golgi apparatus to make glycoproteins?

A

sugar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is added to proteins by the Golgi apparatus to make lipoproteins?

A

lipid molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what can the Golgi apparatus do to the shape of proteins?

A

fold them into their 3D shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what 3 shapes can mitochondria be?

A
  • spherical
  • rod- shaped
  • branched
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how long are mitochondria ?

A

2-5 lum

54
Q

What are mitochondria surrounded by?

A

two membranes with fluid filled space between them

55
Q

what is the inner membrane of the mitochondria highly folded onto?

A

cristae ( inner folds of mitocholdria)

56
Q

what is the structure of the inner part of the mitochondria?

A

fluid- filed matrix (spaces within inner membrane)

57
Q

what are mitochondria the site of?

A

ATP ( energy production) during aerobic respiration

58
Q

mitochondria are self ———-. fill in the gap.

A

replicating

59
Q

what’s the reason mitochondria are self replicating?

A

more can be made if the cell’s energy needs to increase.

60
Q

mitochondria are abundant (rich) in cells where what activity takes place?

A

metabolic activity (chemical reactions so you can survive)

61
Q

name two examples of where metabolic activity takes place.

A
  • in liver cells

- at synapses between neurones

62
Q

what is the Soft endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

a system of membranes, consisting of fluid- filled cavities (cisternae) that are continuous with the nuclear membrane

63
Q

what isn’t on the surface of the Soft endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

ribosomes

64
Q

what does SER contain?

A

enzymes

65
Q

what do the enzymes in SER do?

A

catalyse (speed up) reactions involved with lipid metabolism

66
Q

name 4 examples of reactions involved with lipid metabolism by enzymes in the SER

A
  • Synthesis of cholesterol
  • Synthesis of lipids/ phospholipids needed by cell
  • synthesis of steroid hormones
  • involved in absorption, synthesis/ transport of lipids (from gut)
67
Q

what is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

System of membranes containing fluid- filled cavities (cisternae) that are continuous with the nuclear membrane

68
Q

what is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) coated with?

A

ribosomes

69
Q

RER is the intracellular ——— system. fill in the gap.

A

transport

70
Q

in the RER, what do the cisternae form ?/ what do these do?

A

channels for transporting substances from one area of the cell to another

71
Q

what does the RER provide a large surface area for?

A

ribosomes

72
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

assemble amino acids into proteins

73
Q

once the proteins have been assembled, what do they then actively pass through then into?

A

the membrane into the cisternae

74
Q

once the proteins pass through the membrane then into the cisternae, where are they then transported to and for what?

A

the Golgi apparatus for modification and packaging

75
Q

are chloroplasts large or small or large organelles?

A

large

76
Q

how long are chloroplasts?

A

4-10 lum long

77
Q

what cells are chloroplasts only found in?

A

plant cells

78
Q

besides only being in plant cells, chloroplasts can be found in some what?

A

proticists

79
Q

what are chloroplasts surrounded by?

A

a double membrane or envelope

80
Q

what is the inner membrane of chloroplasts continuous with?

A

stacks of flattened membrane sacs

81
Q

what are the stacks of flattened membrane sacs in the inner chloroplast called?

A

thylakoids (reassembling piles of plates)

82
Q

what do thylakoids contain?

A

chlorophyll

83
Q

what is each stack or pile of thylakoid called?

A

a granum (plural: grana)

84
Q

what is the fluid - filled matrix (gap) in the chloroplast called?

A

the stroma

85
Q

what do chloroplasts contain loops of?

A

DNA

86
Q

what do chloroplasts contain grains of?

A

starch

87
Q

what process are chloroplasts the site of?

A

photosynthesis

88
Q

what happens to light energy in the first stage of photosynthesis

A

trapped by chlorophyll

89
Q

when light energy is trapped by chlorophyll, what is it then used to make ?

A

ATP (energy currency)

90
Q

where in the chloroplast does the first stage of photosynthesis occur?

A

in the grana

91
Q

what happens to water in the first stage of photosynthesis?/ why?

A

split to supply hydrogen ions

92
Q

in the second stage of photosynthesis, what does hydrogen reduce?

A

carbon dioxide

93
Q

in the second stage of photosynthesis, what does hydrogen use to reduce carbon dioxide?

A

ATP (energy currency)

94
Q

in the second stage of photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide is reduces by hydrogen using ATP , what is made?

A

carbohydrates

95
Q

where in the chloroplasts does the second stage of photosynthesis occur?

A

in the stroma

96
Q

what plant cell example are chloroplasts abundant (rich ) in ?

A

leaf cells

97
Q

where in leaf cells are chloroplasts particularly found in?

A

palisade mesophyll layer

98
Q

after proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus, what are they then packed into?

A

vesicles

99
Q

what then happens to the vesicles containing the modified proteins?

A

pinched off

100
Q

after the modified proteins are stored in the vesicles, where are they then stored?

A

in the cell

101
Q

besides being stored in the cell where else can the modified proteins be moved by the vesicles?

A

plasma membrane , either to be incorporated into plasma membrane or exported outside cell

102
Q

the vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called what?

A

tonoplast

103
Q

what does the vacuole contain?

A

fluid

104
Q

only what cells have a large permanent vacuole?

A

plant cells

105
Q

what two things is the vacuole filled with?

A

water and solutes

106
Q

what is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

maintains cell stability

107
Q

how does the permanent vacuole maintain cell stability?

A

when full it pushes against cell wall, making the cell turgid (swollen from being so full)

108
Q

if all plant cells are turgid, what does this help with?

A

supporting the plant, especially in non- woody plants

109
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

small bags, formed from Golgi apparatus

110
Q

what is each lysosome surrounded by?

A

a single membrane

111
Q

what do lysosomes contain?

A

powerful hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes

112
Q

what type of cells are lysosomes abundant in?

A

phagocytic cells

113
Q

name two phagocytic cell examples which are types of white blood cell

A
  • neutrophils

- macrophages

114
Q

what do phagocytic cells do?

A

ingest/ digest invading pathogens such as bacteria

115
Q

what’s the function of lysosomes?

A

keep powerful hydrolytic enzymes separate from rest of cell

116
Q

what can lysosomes engulf?

A

old cell organelles/ foreign matter (doesn’t belong in body)

117
Q

after engulfing old cell organelles and foreign matter what can lysosomes then do to them?

A

digest them and return the digested components to cell for reuse

118
Q

what are cilia and undulipodia?

A

protrusions (bumps) from the cell

119
Q

what are cilia and undulipodia surrounded by?

A

a cell surface membrane

120
Q

what does each cilia and undulipodia contain?

A

microtubules ( components of cell skeleton which determine shape of cell)

121
Q

what are cilia and undulipodia formed from?

A

centrioles (two bundles of microtubules at right angles to each other)

122
Q

where in our body do we have hundreds of cilia ?

A

epithelial cells in our airways

123
Q

why do we have hundreds of cilia in the epithelial cells of our airways?

A

to beat/ move the band of mucus

124
Q

do nearly all cell types in the body have one cilium that acts as antenna?

A

yes

125
Q

what does the cilium contain?

A

receptors

126
Q

what do the receptors on the cilia allow the cell to do?

A

detect signals about its immediate environment

127
Q

how many types of human cell have an undulipodia?

A

only one

128
Q

what is an undulipodia?

A

a longer cilium

129
Q

what is the name of the only human cell to have an undulipodia?

A

a spermatozoon

130
Q

what does the undulipodia enable the spermatozoon to do?

A

move

Biology A- level ( year 1) (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions