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Geography > The UK's evolving physical landscape > Flashcards

The UK's evolving physical landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

Abrasion

A

the scratching and scraping of a river bed and banks by the stones and sand in a river

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2
Q

Alluvium

A

all deposits laid down by rivers, especially in times of flood

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3
Q

Antecedent rainfall

A

the amount of moisture already in the ground before a rainstorm

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4
Q

Anticline

A

a dome of folded rocks forming an arch

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5
Q

Arch

A

A curved passage through a headland created when a cave was eventually broken through by erosion

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6
Q

Attrition

A

the wearing away of particles of debris by the action of other particles, such as river or beach pebbles

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7
Q

Backwash

A

the flow of water back to the sea after waves break on a beach

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8
Q

Bankful

A

the discharge or contents of a river which is just contained within its banks. This is when the speed, or velocity, of the river is at its greatest

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9
Q

Bar

A

an accumulation of sediment that grows across the mouth of a bay, caused by longshore drift

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10
Q

Beach

A

an area of sand or pebbles along the shore of a body of water

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11
Q

Beach profile

A

the shape of a beach resulting from how waves break

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12
Q

Berm

A

deposited sand formation

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13
Q

Carbon dating

A

uses radioactive testing to find the age of rocks which contained living material

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14
Q

Carboniferous period

A

a geological period of time, 250 to 350 million years ago

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15
Q

Cave

A

a large hole, either underground or in the side of a hill or cliff, often created when waves force their way into cracks in the cliff face

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16
Q

Channel

A

the bed and banks of a river

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17
Q

Concordant

A

(coasts) follow the ridges and valleys of the land, so the rock strata is parallel to the coastline

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18
Q

Constructive waves

A

build beaches by pushing sand and pebbles further up the beach

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19
Q

Cost-benefit analysis

A

looking at all the costs of a project, social and environmental as well as economic, and deciding whether it is worth going ahead

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20
Q

Cove

A

a sheltered area

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21
Q

Cross profile

A

shows a cross section of a river’s channel and valley at certain points in the river’s course

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22
Q

Cross section

A

a view or drawing that shows what the inside of something looks like after a cut has been made across it

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23
Q

Delta

A

a low-lying area at the mouth of a river where a river deposits so much sediment it extends beyond the coastline

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24
Q

Destructive waves

A

waves which erode beaches

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25
Q

Dip slope

A

a gentle slope following the angle of rock *strata, found behind escarpments

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26
Q

Discharge

A

a gentle slope following the angle of rock *strata, found behind escarpments

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27
Q

Discordant

A

(coasts) alternate between bands of hard rocks and soft rocks, so the rock *strata is at right angles to the coast

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28
Q

Dissipate

A

means to reduce wave energy, which is absorbed as waves pass through, or over, sea defences

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29
Q

Dredging

A

digging out drainage ditches and rivers to make them artificially deeper

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30
Q

Dry valleys

A

valleys where rivers once flowed

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31
Q

Erosion

A

wearing away the landscape

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32
Q

Escarpment

A

continuous line of steep slopes above a gentle dip slope, caused by the erosion of alternate strata

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33
Q

Estuary

A

where a river meets the sea

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34
Q

Evaporation

A

the changing of a liquid into vapour or gas. Some rainfall is evaporated into water vapour by the heat of the sun

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35
Q

Eyot

A

a small island in a river

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36
Q

Fault scarp

A

when faults form a steep edge

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37
Q

Faults

A

large cracks caused by past tectonic movements

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38
Q

Fetch

A

the length of water over which the wind has blown, affecting the size and strength of waves

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39
Q

Flood plain

A

flat land around a river that gets flooded when the river overflows

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40
Q

Friction

A

the force which resists the movement of one surface over another

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41
Q

Glaciated

A

formed or once covered by glaciers or ice sheets

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42
Q

Gorge

A

a steep valley

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43
Q

Gradient

A

slope

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44
Q

Groundwater flow

A

movement of water through rocks in the ground

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45
Q

Groynes

A

wooden or stone structures built at right angles to the coast to trap sediment from longshore drift, allowing a beach to build up

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46
Q

Hard engineering

A

building physical structures to deal with natural hazards, such as sea walls to stop waves

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47
Q

Helicoidal flow

A

a continuous corkscrew motion of water as it flows along a river channel

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48
Q

Holistic

A

(coastal management) takes into account all social, economic and environmental costs and benefits. This means looking at the coastline as a whole instead of an individual bay or beach

49
Q

Hydraulic action

A

the force of water along the coast, or within a stream or river

50
Q

Hydrograph

A

a graph showing the amount of water in a place at different times

51
Q

Igneous

A

Rock type formed from lavas and deep magmas. They were once molten, then cooled and crystallised

52
Q

Infiltration

A

the soaking of rainwater into the ground

53
Q

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

A

the holistic management of coasts

54
Q

Interception Zone

A

the capture of rainwater by leaves and branches. Some evaporates again and the rest drips from the leaves to the soil

55
Q

Interlocking spurs

A

hills that stick out on alternate sides of a V-shaped valley, like the teeth of a zip

56
Q

Jet stream

A

high level winds at around 6-10km that blow across the Atlantic towards the UK

57
Q

Lagoon

A

a bay totally or partially enclosed by a spit, *bar or reef running
across its entrance

58
Q

Levees

A

naturally formed or artificially built embankments beside rivers

59
Q

Limestone

A

a pale grey rock consisting of crushed shells of corals that lived in tropical seas 300 million years ago

60
Q

Load

A

material carried by a river such as boulders or stones

61
Q

Long profile

A

shows how a river’s gradient changes as it flows from its source to its mouth

62
Q

Longshore drift

A

when waves break at an angle to the coast, rather than parallel to it. It usually occurs in one direction and transports sediment along the coastline creating new landforms

63
Q

Lowland landscape

A

an area of flat land that is at, near or below sea level, which in the UK usually consists of younger and less resistant sedimentary rocks

64
Q

Marine processes

A

wave-related processes that contribute to coastal erosion

65
Q

Mass movement

A

the movement of material downslope, such as rock falls, landslides or cliff collapse

66
Q

Meander

A

a naturally occurring sharp bend in a river

67
Q

Metamorphic

A

sedimentary rocks that were heated and compressed during igneous activity

68
Q

Middle course

A

the journey of a river from its source in hills or mountains to mouth is sometimes called the course of the river. The course of a river can be divided into three main sections a) upper course b) middle course and c) lower course

69
Q

Misfit rivers

A

rivers created by glaciers that are too small to have eroded the valleys they flow through

70
Q

Mudflats

A

flat coastal areas formed when mud is deposited by rivers and coasts

71
Q

Nodules

A

(in reference to chalk) pieces of flint within chalk

72
Q

Ox-bow lake

A

a lake formed when a loop in a river is cut off by floods

73
Q

Permeable

A

allowing liquids or gases to pass through it

74
Q

Plunge pool

A

a hollow at the foot of a waterfall

75
Q

Point bar

A

a low, curved ridge of sand and gravel along the inner bank of a river which is formed in the middle course of a river

76
Q

Prevailing wind

A

the most frequent direction the wind blows in a certain area

77
Q

Recurved end

A

the hooked end of a spit

78
Q

River cliff

A

the steep edge of a river formed when a river erodes and undercuts its outer bank

79
Q

Rock outcrop

A

a large mass of rock that stands above the surface of the ground

80
Q

Salt marsh

A

salt-tolerant vegetation growing on mud flats in bays or estuaries. These plants trap sediments which gradually raise the height of the marsh

81
Q

Saltation

A

the bouncing of material from and along a river bed or a land surface

82
Q

Sand dune

A

onshore winds blow sand inland, forming a hill or ridge of sand parallel to the shoreline

83
Q

Scarp and vale topography

A

erosion which has left alternate strata of more and less resistant rock forms a landscape known as scarp and vale topography

84
Q

Scree

A

angular rock pieces created by freeze-thaw weathering

85
Q

Sediment

A

material such as sand or clay that is transported by rivers

86
Q

Sedimentary

A

rock formed from sediments eroded and deposited by rivers, the sea, or on the sea bed

87
Q

Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)

A

an approach which builds on knowledge of the coastal environment and takes account of the wide range of public interest to avoid piecemeal attempts to protect one area at the expense of another

88
Q

Soft engineering

A

involves adapting to natural hazards and working with nature to limit damage

89
Q

Soil creep

A

the slow gradual movement downslope of soil, scree or glacier ice

90
Q

Solution

A

chemicals dissolved in water, invisible to the eye

91
Q

Spit

A

a ridge of sand running away from the coast, usually with a curved seaward end

92
Q

Stack

A

a tall column of rock left standing in the sea after wave erosion has separated it from the mainland

93
Q

Stakeholders

A

a person with an interest or concern in something, such as those who are likely to be affected by natural hazards

94
Q

Storm hydrograph

A

a graph which shows the change in both rainfall and discharge from a river following a storm

95
Q

Storm surge

A

a rapid rise in the level of the sea caused by low pressure and strong winds

96
Q

Strata

A

distinctive layers of rock

97
Q

Stump

A

the part of a stack that has been left after wave erosion has caused the stack to collapse

98
Q

Sub-aerial processes

A

occurring on land, at the Earth’s surface, as opposed to underwater or underground

99
Q

Surface run-off

A

rainwater that runs across the surface of the ground and drains into the river

100
Q

Suspension

A

tiny particles of sediment dispersed in water

101
Q

Swallow hole

A

a hole in the ground caused by water erosion, especially in limestone landscapes; also called a sink hole

102
Q

Swash

A

when water rushes up a beach

103
Q

Terminal groyne syndrome

A

when the last groyne along a coast prevents longshore drift from bringing material to other areas, causing erosion problems further down the coast

104
Q

Thalweg

A

the line of the fastest flow along the course of a river

105
Q

Throughflow

A

the flow of rainwater sideways through the soil, towards the river

106
Q

Till

A

sediment deposited by melting glaciers or ice sheets

107
Q

Traction

A

force that rolls or drags large stones along a river bed

108
Q

Transpiration

A

when plants lose water vapour, mainly through pores in their leaves

109
Q

Tributary

A

a river or stream that flows into a larger river or lake

110
Q

Upland landscape

A

an area of high land, in the UK consisting of resistant igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock

111
Q

Uplifted

A

(in geology) raised or pushed up as a result of tectonic activity

112
Q

Upper course

A

the mountain stage of a river’s course with steep gradients, narrow river channels and much erosion

113
Q

Urbanisation

A

a rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas, compared to rural areas

114
Q

U-shape

A

(river valley) deep valleys created by glaciers, shaped like the letter ‘U’ with steep, straight sides and a flat bottom

115
Q

Velocity

A

the speed of a river, measured in metres per second

116
Q

Water table

A

the upper limit of saturated rock below the ground

117
Q

Waterfall

A

a place where water flows over the edge of a cliff or rock; generally formed in the upper course of a river

118
Q

Weathering

A

the physical, chemical or biological breakdown of solid rock by the action of weather (e.g. frost, rain) or plants

Geography (1 decks)

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