The Trunk/Torso

Question 1

Vertebrae #

Answer 1

7 cervical
12 thoracic - look like giraffe
5 lumbar - thickest bodies - look like moose
5 sacral - fused in adults
4 coccygeal - fused in adults

Question 2

Is hyperextension good for the back?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

What kind of joint are between the vertebrae?

Answer 3

Amphiarthrosis

Body - joint - body

Question 4

What kind of joint is the intervertebral/interbody joints and where do they lie and what movement do they have??

Answer 4

Fibroscartilaginous amphiarthroses (symphysis)
between bodies C2-L5
glide and slightly rotate

Question 5

what are the primary shock absorbers in the spine?

Answer 5

Intervertebral discs and bodies of the vertebrae

Question 6

what joint is the atlantoaxial joint

Answer 6

pivot joint (diarthroses)

Question 7

What joint is the occipitoalanto joint and movement

Answer 7

Condyloid joint (diarthroses)
flexion/EXTension; lateral flexion/reduction

Question 8

S1-S5

Answer 8

fused synarthroses joints

Question 9

coccyx

Answer 9

fused synarthroses joints

Question 10

another name for facet joints?

Answer 10

apophyseal joints

Question 11

facet joints or apophyseal joints movements

Answer 11

gliding synovial joint

Question 12

Transverse and spinous processes server as…

Answer 12

“outriggers” and are important attachment sites for muscles and ligaments. They increase the mechanical advantage of the muscle.

Question 13

What is the primary purpose of the facet/apophyseal joints?

Answer 13

“guide” movement among the vertebrae

Question 14

The inter body joints act as _____ and are very important for _____ _____.

Answer 14

spacers

shock absorption

Question 15

T/F Large movement occurs between two adjacent vertebrae, therefore, trunk movement depends largely on the summation of these large movements. Typically we think in terms of regional movement such as “cervical” flexion or “thoracic” rotation.

Answer 15

False little movement occurs between two adjacent vertebrae

summation of small movements

Question 16

The cervical region is highly mobile but cervical circumduction is contraindicated, why?

Answer 16

it damages the facet/apohysial joints

Question 17

Thoracic region movements

Answer 17

some flexion/extension
hyperextension is limited
some rotation

Question 18

Lumbar region movements

Answer 18

quite a bit of flexion and extension/hyperextension

limited rotation

Question 19

T/F Movements involving the lumbar flexion under significant load (significant compression) are good for the intervertebral discs

Answer 19

False

Flexion with significant load is very irritating to the intervertebral discs

Question 20

T/F Loaded lumbar flexion coupled with torsion is good, especially when the movement is ballistic.

Answer 20

False

its devastating

Question 21

T/F Sometimes, it is good to perform spinal flexion and extension slowly…very slowly…with very light loads…to work the deep paraspinal muscles such as the multifidus, rotators, and interspinalis.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is the main job of the torso muscles?

Answer 22

Stabilization

Question 23

The torso is comprised of a high percentage of what muscle fiber type?

Answer 23

Slow twitch fibers for stabilization; therefore symmetry, balance, flexibility, and isometric strength are very important

Question 24

lordosis

Answer 24

excessive lumbar lordosis, “swayback”

huge curve in low back

Question 25

kyphosis

Answer 25

excessive thoracic kyphosis, “hunchback”

neck protruded forward like a giraffe

Question 26

scoliosis

Answer 26

misalignment of the spine in the sagittal plane

Question 27

Rectus Abdominis

Answer 27

8 pack
O: crest of pubic bone
I: Cartilage of ribs 5,6,7 and xiphoid process
A: brings rib cage & pelvis together. Trunk flexion. IMPORTANT for 1st 30deg
WR: crunches; key is to keep pelvis in posterior tilt (lower back flat)

Question 28

External oblique

Answer 28

O: lower 8 ribs at about the point that the serratus ant originates
I: Ant crest ilium, pubic crest, & lateral fascia of rectus abdominis
A: trunk rotation opposite the oblique. That is, left ext oblique causes right trunk rotation; helps in flexion
WR: bent knee sit up with twist

Question 29

Internal oblique

Answer 29

O: ant portion iliac crest, inguinal ligament
I: costal cartilage ribs 8,9,10; linea alba
A: trunk rotation in the same direction as the oblique. That is, right internal oblique will cause right trunk rotation
WR: Bent knee sit up with a twist

Question 30

Transverse Abdominis

Answer 30

O: inguinal ligament; inner rim of the ant portion iliac crest; inner surface costal cartilage ribs 7-12
I: pubic crest, linea alba
A: IMPORTANT for forced expiration during exercise or asthma attack. Vacuum action of abdominal region.

Question 31

Erector Spinae

Answer 31

Sacrospinalis
O: multiple origins
I: multiple insertions
Three ascending tracts:
Medial: spinalis dorsi, Middle: longissimus dorsi, Lateral: iliocostalis
A: trunk extension/hyperextension; lateral flexion and reduction
WR: dead lift; glut ham raises

Question 32

Quadratus Lumborum (“_________”)

Answer 32

“guy wires” for lumbar stabilization
O: post inner lip iliac crest
I: transverse processes L1-L4 & inf border 12th rib
A: Lateral flexion and reduction of trunk
WR: side bends with dumbbell; lateral planks; hip hikes

Question 33

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 33

O: manubrium; medial aspect clavical
I: mastoid process
A: flexion at neck, lateral flexion and reductionat neck
WR: nautilus four way neck machine

Question 34

HAT

Answer 34

head
arms
trunk

Question 35

What serves to protect rather than support in the spine?

Answer 35

Sacrum - no bodies, weight of the HAT is dissipated laterally through the sacroiliac (SI) joints

Question 36

Where is shock absorption facilitated at?

Answer 36

intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies

Question 37

T/F circumduction of the neck is good for the neck

Answer 37

False

it damages the cervical facets