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flp > The Trunk > Flashcards

The Trunk Flashcards

1
Q

Movements of the trunk

A

Flexion (anteriorly)
Extension (posteriorly)
Sidebending (lateral flexion)
Rotation (on its own access)

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2
Q

Range of motion varies depending on

A

Vetebral level due to:
Shape of the vertebrae
Thickness if intervertebral discs (the thicker the discs the greater the mobility)
The thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs, which limits their mobility

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3
Q

Vertebral column consists of what regions

A 
Cervical region
Thoracic region
Lumbar region
Sacrum
Coccyx
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4
Q

Cervical region

A

Contains top 7 vertebrae

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5
Q

Thoracic region

A

Between cervical and lumbar regions

Contains 12 vertebrae

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6
Q

Lumbar region

A

Below the thoracic region (lower back)

Contains 5 vertebrae

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7
Q

Sacrum and Coccyx

A

Sacrum connects to pelvic bone and coccyx is your tailbone

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8
Q

Curvature of vertebral column

A

Convex sacrum (toward the back)
Concave lumbar region (lordosis)
Convex thoracic region (kyphosis)
Concave cervical region

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9
Q

The vertebral column is connected to

A

The base of the cranium
The ribs
The pelvis (ilium)

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10
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Act as shock absorbers and weight bearers as well as allowing movement between vertebrae

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11
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Attached to the front of the vertebral bodies acts as a brake to extension (backbend)

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12
Q

Posterior Longitudinal ligament

A

Attached to the back of the vertebral bodies acts as brake to flexion -bending forward from the waist (along with the supraspinous ligament)
In flexion, this absorbs the thrust from the disc nuclei

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13
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

Runs along the tips of the spinous processes

Acts as brake to flexion along with posterior longitudinal ligament

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14
Q

Herniated or ruptured disc

A

Happens most commonly as result of chronic flexion movements
Fluid escapes out of the back and may the compress the nerve roots
Best way to avoid this is keeping the spine straight and avoiding loading in spinal flexion

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15
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Consists if sacrum, two hipbones and coccyx
Receives the weight of the upper body and passes it on to the lower limbs via its articulation a with the femurs
It also absorbs stresses from the lower limbs in walking and running

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16
Q

The hipbones of the pelvis

A

Made up of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

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17
Q

Lateral surface if the hip bone

A

Top part (concave from bottom to top) is the external iliac fossa
In the middle is the area in the shape of a hollow sphere called the acetabulum (receives the head of the femur)
The lower part is like a bony arch which surrounds a hole called the obturator foramen
The anterior area is the pubis
The posterior is the ischium
In between the two is the ischio-pubic ramus

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18
Q

The anterior border has

A

A number of depressions and protuberances especially:
The anterior superior iliac spine (most forward part of the iliac)
The anterior inferior iliac spine
The pubic tubercle

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19
Q

Posterior border of the hip bone

A 
Various protuberances and depressions:
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity (the bone on which you sit)
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20
Q

Medial surface of the hip bone you will find

A 
Internal iliac fossa
Iliopectineal line (forms the border between the lesser and greater pelvis)
The internal circumference of the obturator foramen
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21
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

The articulation btwn the two pubic bones
Btwn the two surfaces is a fibrocartilage disc which attaches to the articulate surfaces

This joint has very little mobility - during childbirth it loosens so the pelvis can open further

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22
Q

Functions of the Trunk

A

Can bend and perform curved movements due to the flexibility if the vertebral column

Must also be able to align and stabilize the vertebral segments when the body is motionless, especially when it is carrying a load

23
Q

The girdles of the trunk

A

shoulder girdle

pelvic girdle

24
Q

shoulder girdle

A

consists of the sternum, two clavcles, and the two scapulae
this attaches the upper limbs to the trunk
its main feature is its mobility - not linked via joints to the spinal column but instead to the thoracic cage

25
Q

pelvic girdle

A

consists of the sacrum and the two hip bones
the lower limbs are attached to the trunk through this
articulations between these bones aren’t very mobile - it’s a stable structure
attached to the trunk via the sacro-lumbar joint which connects it to the spinal column

26
Q

sacrum

A

the posterior, wedge-shaped component of the pelvic ring, located between the two ilia
composed of five expanded, fused vertebrae

27
Q

sacral promontory

A

upper, anterior edge of S1

together with the iliopectineal lines it defines the bounder btwn the greater and lesser pelvis

28
Q

anterior sacral foramina

A

paired at the ends of each ridge

through which the anterior branches of the sacral nerves pass

29
Q

posterior sacral foramina

A

continuous with the anterior foramina

posterior branches of the sacral nerves exit here

30
Q

coccyx

A

small triangular bone consisting of the fusion of three to five vertebrae (it isn’t possible to tell them apart)
articulates with the sacrum via an oval-shaped surface

31
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

consists of the two auricular surfaces of the ilium and sacrum
the auricular surface of the ilium is slightly convex and the surface of the sacrum is slightly concave

32
Q

Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

A

connect the sacrum to the ischial spine and ischial tuberosity respectively - tend to oppose adduction of the pelvis (posterior tilt)

33
Q

posterior sacroiliac ligaments

A

connect the ilium to the lateral sacral crest

tend to oppose abduction of the pelvis (anterior tilt)

34
Q

Lumbar spine

A

concave at the back (posteriorly)
good ROM for flexion, extension, and sidebending
limited ROM for rotation

35
Q

Lumbosacral Joint

A

between the sacrum and the 5th lumbar vertebra
this joint is concave posteriorly - sacral base is tilted forward and L5 & the disc between L5 and S1 are thicker anteriorly than posteriorly

L5 “wants” to slide forward it doesn’t “rest” on the sacrum - this is opposed by the contact btwn the articular facets of S1 and the inferior articular processes of S5

36
Q

iliolumbar ligaments

A

connect transverse processes of L5 and L4 to the iliac crest which tends to oppose side bending

37
Q

Thoracic Spine

A

articulates with the ribs
consists of 12 vertebrae
limited range of motion (discs aren’t very thick)

38
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

consists of thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and sternum

39
Q

sternum

A

flat bone located at the front of teh throax

40
Q

Ribs

A

each rib is attached to the sternum via costal cartilage
1st seven ribs are short and attached directly to the sternum (true ribs)
three following cartilages all attach to the 7th rib (false ribs) & have greater mobility
two lowest ribs don’t have cartilage (floating ribs)

41
Q

Thoracolumbar junction

A

junction btwn the thoracic and lumbar spinal regions

42
Q

cervical spine

A

forms the skeleton of the neck
atlas - located just below the skull (C1)
axis - C2
C3 to C7 are the lower cervical spine

43
Q

Muscles attached to Ribs

A 
Longissimus thoracis
iliocostalis
serratus posterior
latissimus dorsi
scalenes
intercostal muscles
levatores costarum
transversus thoracis
diaphragm
abdominal muscles
44
Q

muscles attached to the vertebrae

A 
spinal muscles
spelnius
levator scapulae
serratus posterior
rhomboid
latissimus dorsi
trapezium
longus colli
pre-cervical muscles
scalenes
levatores costarum
diapragm
psoas
quadratus lumborum
abdominal muscles
45
Q

muscles attached to the cranial bones

A 
sternocleidomastoid
pre-cervical muscles
suboccipital muscles (deep neck muscles)
semispinalis and longissius capitis
splenius capitis
trapezius
46
Q

muscles attached to the shoulder girdle, humerus

A 
levator scapulae
rhomboid
latissimus dorsi
trapezius
sternocleidomastoid
47
Q

muscles attached to pelvic girdle

A 
muscles of teh lumbar spine
latissimus dorsi
psoas
quadratus lumborum
abdominal muscles
muscles of the pelvic floor
48
Q

muscles attached to the femur

A

psoas

49
Q

Posterior muscles of the trunk and neck

A

intertransverse - connect one transverse process to the next posterior to the intertransverse ligament (action - sidebending)
interspinalis - connect adjacent spinous processes on either side of the ligament (action - extension)
transversospinalis - attach to the back of the vertebrae all along the spine, from sacrum to axis (move the vertebrae into extension from inferior to superior - from medial to lateral : sidebending - fromanterior to posterior: rotation of the spine)
rotatores - pass toward the lamina of the vertebra above
multifidus - pass to the spinous processes of the vertebrae that are located two to four levels above
semispinalis - pass to the spinous processes of the vertebrae that are located four to six levels above, covering the other layers

50
Q

deep neck muscles

A

rectus capitis posterior minor
rectus capitis posterior major
obliquus capitis superior
obliquus capitis inferior

51
Q

rectus capitis posterior minor

A

runs from the posterior arch of C1 to inferior occipital ridge

produces extension (raising chin) by contracting with other deep neck muscles
also can produce rotation by contracting on that side (right rotation for right contraction)
and sidebending

52
Q

rectus capitis posterior major

A

originates from the spinous process of C2 and inserts just lateral to the minor

produces extension (raising chin) by contracting with other deep neck muscles
also can produce rotation by contracting on that side (right rotation for right contraction)
and sidebending

53
Q

obliquus capitis superior

A

originates from the transverse process of C1 and inserts on the occiput lateral to RCPM

actions: extension, sidebending, rotation
can produce left rotation by contracting on the right

54
Q

obliquus capitis inferior

A

runs from the spinous process of C2 to the transverse process of C1

action: extension, sidebending, and rotation of C1 on C2

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