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Anatomy > The Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

The Thoracic Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture?

A

Opening at the top of the thoracic cavity. The root of the neck. Going in is the vagus nerve, cervical plexus, phrenic nerve. Going out are great vessels.

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2
Q

What is the Inferior thoracic aperture?

A

The opening at the bottom of the thoracic cavity where the diaphragm attaches

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3
Q

What is the mediastimun?

A

Central compartment of the thoracic cavity surrounded by loose connective tissue

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4
Q 
The "true" ribs include:
A. Ribs 1&2
B. Ribs 8-10
C. 11 & 12
D. All ribs are "true" ribs
A

A

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5
Q

What region(s) are the ribs located?

A

Thoracic region only

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6
Q

What do the ribs articulate with?

A

Sternum and vertebrae

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7
Q

What ribs are “atypical”?

A

Ribs 1, 2, 11 and 12

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8
Q

What ribs are “true” ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7

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9
Q

What ribs are “false” ribs?

A

8-10

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10
Q

What ribs are called vertebrocostal?

A

“true” ribs

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11
Q

What ribs are called vertebrochondral?

A

“false” ribs

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12
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs?

A

11 and 12

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13
Q

True or False?

The sternum and thoracic spine share the same curvature direction?

A

False, Curvature of thoracic spine is opposite of the sternum

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14
Q

What is in the middle of the thoracic cavity?

A

Mediastinum

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15
Q

What is lateral of the mediastinum?

A

Pleural cavities

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16
Q

What is found in the mediastinum?

A

Heart and its vessels
Esophagus, trachea, phrenic and cardiac nerves
Thoracic duct, thymus and lymph nodes

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17
Q

What are “false” ribs “false”?

A

They do not directly attach to sternum because they use other ribs cartilage to attach to sternum.

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18
Q

In a typical rib, what is at the vertebral end?

A

head, neck, tubercle, angle

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19
Q

In a typical rib, what is at the middle?

A

body (shaft)

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20
Q

In a typical rib, What is at the sternal end?

A

Articulates directly with sternum, costal, cartilage, or sits in fascia

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21
Q

Typically, a rib has how many facets? What is the exception?

A

Typically the head of a rib has two facets. The first rib does not have two.

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22
Q

What does the facet of a rib articulate with?

A

Vertebral column, the superior and inferior demifacet on the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

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23
Q

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

A

Transverse process facet of the vertebra

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24
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

manubrium, body and xiphoid

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25
Q

What does the manubrium of the sternum articulate with?

A

The first rib, and the body of the sternum. Also rib two right at the manubriumsternal joint

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26
Q

What is the costal groove?

A

Groove in the middle section of the rib

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27
Q

What is a intervertebral joint?

A

Type: symphysis
Adjacent vertebral bodies bound together by intervertebral disc
Ligaments: Anterior and posterior longitudinal

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28
Q

What are costovertebral joints of head of ribs

A

Type: Synovial plane of joint
Head of each rib with superior demifacet or costal facet of corresponding vertebral body and inferior demifacet or costal facet of vertebral body superior to it.
Ligaments: Radiate and intra-articular ligaments of head of rib

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29
Q

What are Costotranverse joints?

A

Type: Synovial plane of joint
Articulation of tubercle of rib with transverse process of corresponding vertebra
Ligaments: lateral and superior costotransverse

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30
Q

What are sternocostal joints?

A

Type: 1st rib - Cartilaginous joint
2-7th rib: Synovial plan joints
Articulation of 1st costal cartilages with manubrium of sternum
Articulation of 2-7 pairs of costal cartilages with sternum
Ligaments: Anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal

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31
Q

What are sternoclavicular joints

A

Type: saddle type of synovial joint
Sternal end of clavicle with manubrium and 1st costal cartilage
Ligaments: Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments; costoclavicular ligament

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32
Q

What are costochondral joints?

A

Type: Cartilaginous joint
Articulation of lateral end of costal cartilage with sternal end of rib
Ligaments: Cartilage and bone; bound together by periosteum

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33
Q

What are interchondral joints?

A

Type: synovial plane joint
Articulation between costal cartilages of 6-7, 7-8, and 8-9th ribs
Ligaments: Interchondral ligaments

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34
Q

What is the manubriosternal joint?

A

Type: Cartilaginous joint

Articulation between manubrium and body of sternum

35
Q

What is the xiphisternal joint?

A

Type: cartilaginous joint

Articulation between xiphoid process and body of sternum

36
Q

Breathing =

A

Expiration and inspiration. Mechanical work

37
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Several muscles contract to increase the dimensions of the thoracic cavity as the lungs fill with air

38
Q

What does the sternum work like as you breath?

A

A pump handle and the muscles that help with that are the intercostal muscles

39
Q

What are the two groups of muscles that do the most work during breathing?

A

External and internal intercostal muscles

40
Q

What muscles are typically used when it is a real forced inspiration?

A

Scalene

41
Q

Hands in pockets, which muscles are the thumb and which are the fingers?

A

Anterior:
Internal intercostal-thumb
External intercostal-fingers
However, posteriorly the direction of the fibers changes

42
Q

Which intercostal muscles are mostly posterior. Which ones are mainly lateral and anterior?

A

Innermost-posterior

External and internal - anterior and lateral

43
Q

What are subcostal muscles superficial to? Are they posterior or anterior?

A

Innermost intercostal; Posterior

44
Q

Are Transversus thoracic anterior or posterior?

A

Anterior

45
Q

What muscle is considered the primary muscle of breathing?

A

Diaphragm

46
Q

What does the thoracic cavity expand during breathing?

A

To cause the lungs to fill with air and to accommodate the expanding lungs

47
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Some respiratory muscles contract and others relax, collectively decreasing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of the lungs

48
Q

Where can the muscles of breathing be found?

A

Anterior and posterior surfaces of the thorax

49
Q

What are the muscles of breathing covered by?

A

More superficial muscles that move the upper limb.

50
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5 of cervical plexus)

51
Q

What is the Central tendon?

A

It is a thin but strong aponeurosis situated slightly anterior to the vault formed by the muscle

52
Q

What is the aortic hiatus?

A

Where the aorta comes through the diaphragm

53
Q

What is the esophageal hiatus?

A

Where the esophagus leaves the thorax and enters the abdominal cavity

54
Q

What is the caval opening?

A

Where the vena cava enters the thorax

55
Q

What anchors the diaphragm posteriorly to the body wall?

A

Median arcuate ligament

56
Q

What do the right crus and left crus of the diaphragm become continuous with?

A

The anterior longitudinal ligament

57
Q

When breathing in, what state is the diaphragm in?

A

It is contracted and pulls down

58
Q

When breathing out, what state is the diaphragm in?

A

It is relaxed and pushes up

59
Q

What muscles elevate the rib cage?

A

External intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles
Levator costarum
Serratus Posterior Superior

60
Q

What muscles depress the rib cage?

A

Internal intercostal muscles
Transversus thoracis
Subcostal muscles
Serratus posterior inferior

61
Q

What is the superior attachment of external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Inferior border of ribs

62
Q

What is the inferior attachment of external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Superior border of ribs below

63
Q

What innervates the external, internal and innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal nerve

64
Q

What is the superior attachment of transversus thoracis?

A

Posterior surface of lower sternum

65
Q

What is the inferior attachment of transversus thoracis?

A

Internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6

66
Q

What is the nerve supply of the transversus thoracis?

A

Intercostal nerves

67
Q

What is the superior attachment of the subcostal muscles?

A

Internal surface of lower ribs near their angles

68
Q

What is the inferior attachment of the subcostal muscles?

A

Superior borders of 2nd or 3rd ribs below

69
Q

What is the superior attachment of levatores costarum?

A

Transverse processes of T7-T11

70
Q

What is the inferior attachment of leavtores costarum?

A

Subjacent ribs between tubercle and angle

71
Q

What is the nerve supply of the levatores costarum?

A

Posterior rami of C8-T11 nerves

72
Q

What is the superior attachment of the serratus posterior superior?

A

Nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T3 vertebrae

73
Q

What is the inferior attachment of serratus posterior superior?

A

Superior borders of 2nd-4th ribs

74
Q

What is the innervation of Serratus posterior superior?

A

2nd-5th intercostal nerves

75
Q

What is the serratus posterior inferior superior attachment?

A

Spinous processes T11 -L2 vertebrae

76
Q

What is the serratus posterior inferior inferior attachment?

A

Inferior borders of 8-12th ribs near their angles

77
Q

What innervates the serratus posterior inferior?

A

9-11th intercostal nerves and subcostal (T12) nerve

78
Q

What are pectoral cutaneous branches?

A

They can be lateral and anterior: they are sensory branches off of the internal intercostal nerves

79
Q

What is the order of the neurovascular bundles in the thoracic wall from superior to inferior?

A

Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve

VAN

80
Q

What muscle on the posterior aspect of the sternum and anterior thorax acts in respiration?

A

Transverse thoracis

81
Q

What artery gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries?

A

Internal thoracic arteries

82
Q

What two muscles sandwich the intercostal neurovascular bundles?

A

The innermost and internal intercostal

83
Q

What is origin of the posterior intercostals?

A

Thoracic aorta

84
Q

What are the origins of the anterior intercostals?

A 
Internal thoracic arteries (intercostal spaces 1-6)
Musculophrenic arteries (intercostal spaces 7-9)

Anatomy (2 decks)

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