The Thirteen Colonies, British Empire, 1607-1750 Flashcards
Corporate colonies
Operated by joint-stock companies: ex Jamestown
Charter
A document granting special privileges
Royal colonies
Under direct authority and rule of the king’s government: ex Virginia after 1624
Proprietary colonies
Under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king: ex Maryland and Pennsylvania
Chesapeake colonies
King Charles I subdivided the Virginia colony; chartered a new colony on each side of Chesapeake bay
George Calvert (lord Baltimore)
Controlled Chesapeake bay
Cecil Calvert
Son of first lord Baltimore; implemented his father’s plan to providing a haven for Catholics
Act of toleration
1649: The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians; called for death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus (persuaded by Calvert to adopt this act)
Protestant revolt
Protestant resentment against a catholic proprietor; act of toleration repealed, Catholics lost right to vote in Maryland elections
Sir William Berkeley
Royal governor of Virginia; policies favored large planters, failed to protect backwoods farmer’s settlements from Indian attacks
Bacon’s rebellion (the Chesapeake revolution)
Nathaniel Bacon, a pour farmer, led a rebellion against Berkeley’s government; conducted raids and massacres against Indian villages
Indentured servant
Under contract with a master or landowner who paid or their passage, young people from the British isles agreed to work for a specified period in return for room and board
Headright system
In order to attract immigrants
Virginia offered 50 acres of land to
1: each immigrant who paid for his own passage
2: any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant’s passage
Slavery 1660s
House of burgesses made law that discriminated; Africans were treated as life long slaves and whites set free after a certain period
Providence 1636
Founded by Puritan minister Roger Williams; unique because
1: recognized he rights of native Americans and paid them for the use of their land
2: provided complete religious toleration
Antinomianism
The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation
Anne Hutchinson
Believed in antinomianism; banished from bay colony, led a group and founded Portsmouth in 1638
Rhode Island
1644 founded by roger Williams who was granted a charter from the English parliament which joined providence and Portsmouth into a single colony; offered religious freedom so was a refuge for people with various faiths
Reverend Thomas hooker
Led a large group of Boston puritans into the fertile Connecticut river valley and founded colony of Hartford 1636
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639
First written constitution, in Hartford, established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature
New haven
Founded by John Davenport, 1637, south of Hartford
Connecticut
1665: new haven joined with more democratic Hartford settlers to form colony; royal charter granted it a limited degree of self government including election of the governor
New Hampshire
King Charles II separated this colony from the bay colony in 1679, made it a royal colony subject to the authority of an appointed governor
Halfway covenant
Offered by clergymen to those who professed limited religious commitment; people who could now take part in church services and activities with out making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ
New England confederation
1643: four New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts bay, Connecticut, new haven) formed a military alliance; board comprised of two representatives from each colony, had limited powers
(Set precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose)
King Phillips war (1675-1676)
Chief of Wampanoags (metacom) united southern tribes against English settlers, eventually killed king Phillip and ending Native American resistance in New England
Restoration
Restoration to power of an English monarch
The Carolinas
Charles II granted land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to nobles, then the royal colonies N. & S. Carolina were formed
South Carolina
Large rice growing plantations
North Carolina
Sufficient tobacco farms, good harbors
Quakers
Believed in the equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service; religious authority is found in each person’s private soul and not in the bible or other outside source; highly persecuted
William penn
In 1681, King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to satisfy a debt the king owed to Penn’s father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware
Holy experiment
William penn wanted to test the ideas he developed of Quakers, wanted his colony to achieve
1: provide religious refuge for Quakers and others
2: liberal ideas in government
3: generate income and profits for himself
Frame of government (1682-1683)
William penn provided for his colony; guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution, the charter of liberties
Charter of liberties (1701)
Constitution that guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration
Georgia
Last colony est.
Defense buffer to protect South Carolina from invasion of Spanish
Where prisoners and debtors were sent to relieve overcrowding and to start new life
James Oglethorpe
Founded Georgia’s first settlement savannah; made strict regulations, ban on drinking and prohibition of slavery
Mercantilism
Regulate trade and production to be self sufficient; colonies exist to enrich the parent country
Enumerated
to mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in a list: Let me enumerate the many flaws in your hypothesis.
Navigation acts (1650-1673)
England made regulations and rules on colonial trade
1: trade only using colonial built ships
2: all goods must pass through England’s ports
3: only specified goods could be exported from the colonies
Positives
• New England ship building prospered
• Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly
• English military forces protected colonies from French and Spanish attacks
Negatives
• colonial manufacturing limited
• Chesapeake farmers received low prices for crops
• colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods
• created resentment in colonies
Dominion of New England
King James II wanted more royal colony control; in 1686 combined colonies into one single unit; fell in glorious revolution
Sir Edmund andros
Governor of the dominion of New England; unpopular because of levying taxes, limiting town meetings, revoking land titles
Glorious revolution 1688
Overthrow of king James and uprise of William and Mary
Triangular trade
American History . a pattern of colonial commerce in which slaves were bought on the African Gold Coast with New England rum and then traded in the West Indies for sugar or molasses, which was brought back to New England to be manufactured into rum
Slavery
Increase for demand because
• reduced migration
• dependable work force
• cheap labor
Middle passage
the part of the Atlantic Ocean between the west coast of Africa and the West Indies: the longest part of the journey formerly made by slave ships.
