The Test Flashcards
Alfred Adler
His best-known work is The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology (1923).
Alder calls this theory Individual Psychology because he felt each person was unique and no previous theory applied to all people.
Adler’s theory included these four aspects: the development of personality, striving towards superiority, psychological health, and the unity of personality.
He came up with the term inferiority complex. He described this as feelings of lack of worth
“It is easier to fight for one’s principles than to live up to them (Alfred Adler).”
came up with concept of birth order effects and struggle for power, both internal and within a family unit
American Psychological Association (founding date 1892)
APA was founded in July 1892 by a small group of men interested in what they called “the new psychology.” The group elected 31 individuals, including themselves, to membership, with G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) as its first president.
PA’s first meeting was held in December 1892 at the University of Pennsylvania. The basic governance of the APA consisted of a council with an executive committee.
Act Psychology
a school of psychology that focuses on what the mind does rather than what is contained within it. Franz Brentano (1838-1917) is known as the founder of act psychology. He proposed it in opposition to structuralism. For Brentano, what is important is what the mind does, not what is contained within it. In other words, psychology should focus on experience as an activity rather than on experience as a structure.
Apperception
aspects of perception and consciousness
Term used in voluntarism
Process by which a new experience is understood and transformed by the past experiences.
it is to perceive new experience in relation to past experience
a general term for all mental processes in which a presentation is brought into connection with an already existent and systematized mental conception, and thereby is classified, explained or, in a word, understood;
Associationism
Aristotle known for this theory and states that the mind is composed of elements: sensations and ideas, which are organized by means of various associations
any of several theories that explain complex psychological phenomena as being built up from the association of simple sensations, stimuli and responses, or other behavioral or mental elements considered as primary.
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
imitation & modeling
vicarious conditioning
self efficacy
Behaviorism allows for internal mental processes (e.g. representations)
published a book called the “Social Learning Theory and Personality development” which combines both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950
William James is considered the founder.
Most important movement in American psychology
Assumes that behavior serves a purpose: to promote the survival of the species
Alfred Binet
he made it his mission to define the differences between children of different mental capacities. He developed tests with the help of Theodore Simon and together they introduced the Binet-Simon scale.
Binet and Fere finally discovered transfer and perceptual and emotional polarization. Transfer was a concept where it was reported that hypnotized patients could transfer a movement such as lifting an arm, to the other side of the body by the use of a magnet.
Brentano, F.
Reintroduction of the concept of intentionality
The term refers to the ability of the mind to form representations
Claimed perception is misception→ Perception is erroneous
He believed external sensory perception could not tell us anything about the existence of the perceived world which could be an illusion.
We can be sure of our internal perception
Judgment depends on having a presentation but the presentation does not have to be predicted.
Cattell, J. M.
Influenced movement toward a practical, test-oriented approach to the study of mental processes. Cattell was concerned with human abilities.
Cattell studied simple mental processes; such as the time it took subjects to perform acts as naming objects or colors. His early work also studied the effect of drugs on simple mental processes.
Charcot, J M
Charcot became noted for his ability to diagnose and locate the physiological disturbances of nervous system functioning.
Charcot made popular the use of hypnosis as a part of diagnosis and therapy
the father of French neurology and one of the world’s pioneers of neurology”
used hypnosis to eliminate neurotic symptoms with Janet esp. in “hysterical women”
Client-centered therapy
Founded by Carl Rogers ← Who?
Unconditional positive regard, congruence, empathy
Humanistic branch
Six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change
Cognitive map
A type of mental representation which serves an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment.
The concept was introduced by Edward Tolman in 1948.
Cognitive revolution
refers to the roughly twenty year period during the 1950s and 1960s when cognitivism became the dominant approach to psychology
Cognitive psychology takes a positivist approach
Conditioning, classical
Ivan Pavlov
a learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to be elicited in response to a previously neutral stimulus; this is achieved by repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus with the potent stimulus.
Conditioning, operant
a learning process in which behavior is sensitive to, or controlled by its consequences. For example, a child may learn to open a box to get the candy inside, or learn to avoid touching a hot stove.
Charles Darwin
evolutiontionism
Natural selection
influenced functionalism
John Dewey
Co founder of Functionalism
psychology should not focus on consciousness but on the interaction of the organism and the environment.
human beings have the ability to perfect ourselves
dorothea dix
American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.
Drive theories
a theory that attempts to define, analyze or classify the psychological drives. A drive is an “excitatory state produced by a homeostatic disturbance”,an instinctual need that has the power of driving the behaviour of an individual
Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied
Herman Ebbinghaus
experimental psychology with the human mind
showed that psychological processes, i.e. the central functions of learning, remembering and forgetting, were also open to experimental research.
Epistemology
the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope.
the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion
Ego Psychology
system of psychoanalytic developmental psychology concerned especially with personality.
Heinz Hartmann was principal contributor
Erik Erikson
developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings
He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis.
