The Test Flashcards
Alfred Adler
His best-known work is The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology (1923).
Alder calls this theory Individual Psychology because he felt each person was unique and no previous theory applied to all people.
Adler’s theory included these four aspects: the development of personality, striving towards superiority, psychological health, and the unity of personality.
He came up with the term inferiority complex. He described this as feelings of lack of worth
“It is easier to fight for one’s principles than to live up to them (Alfred Adler).”
came up with concept of birth order effects and struggle for power, both internal and within a family unit
American Psychological Association (founding date 1892)
APA was founded in July 1892 by a small group of men interested in what they called “the new psychology.” The group elected 31 individuals, including themselves, to membership, with G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) as its first president.
PA’s first meeting was held in December 1892 at the University of Pennsylvania. The basic governance of the APA consisted of a council with an executive committee.
Act Psychology
a school of psychology that focuses on what the mind does rather than what is contained within it. Franz Brentano (1838-1917) is known as the founder of act psychology. He proposed it in opposition to structuralism. For Brentano, what is important is what the mind does, not what is contained within it. In other words, psychology should focus on experience as an activity rather than on experience as a structure.
Apperception
aspects of perception and consciousness
Term used in voluntarism
Process by which a new experience is understood and transformed by the past experiences.
it is to perceive new experience in relation to past experience
a general term for all mental processes in which a presentation is brought into connection with an already existent and systematized mental conception, and thereby is classified, explained or, in a word, understood;
Associationism
Aristotle known for this theory and states that the mind is composed of elements: sensations and ideas, which are organized by means of various associations
any of several theories that explain complex psychological phenomena as being built up from the association of simple sensations, stimuli and responses, or other behavioral or mental elements considered as primary.
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
imitation & modeling
vicarious conditioning
self efficacy
Behaviorism allows for internal mental processes (e.g. representations)
published a book called the “Social Learning Theory and Personality development” which combines both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950
William James is considered the founder.
Most important movement in American psychology
Assumes that behavior serves a purpose: to promote the survival of the species
Alfred Binet
he made it his mission to define the differences between children of different mental capacities. He developed tests with the help of Theodore Simon and together they introduced the Binet-Simon scale.
Binet and Fere finally discovered transfer and perceptual and emotional polarization. Transfer was a concept where it was reported that hypnotized patients could transfer a movement such as lifting an arm, to the other side of the body by the use of a magnet.
Brentano, F.
Reintroduction of the concept of intentionality
The term refers to the ability of the mind to form representations
Claimed perception is misception→ Perception is erroneous
He believed external sensory perception could not tell us anything about the existence of the perceived world which could be an illusion.
We can be sure of our internal perception
Judgment depends on having a presentation but the presentation does not have to be predicted.
Cattell, J. M.
Influenced movement toward a practical, test-oriented approach to the study of mental processes. Cattell was concerned with human abilities.
Cattell studied simple mental processes; such as the time it took subjects to perform acts as naming objects or colors. His early work also studied the effect of drugs on simple mental processes.
Charcot, J M
Charcot became noted for his ability to diagnose and locate the physiological disturbances of nervous system functioning.
Charcot made popular the use of hypnosis as a part of diagnosis and therapy
the father of French neurology and one of the world’s pioneers of neurology”
used hypnosis to eliminate neurotic symptoms with Janet esp. in “hysterical women”
Client-centered therapy
Founded by Carl Rogers ← Who?
Unconditional positive regard, congruence, empathy
Humanistic branch
Six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change
Cognitive map
A type of mental representation which serves an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment.
The concept was introduced by Edward Tolman in 1948.
Cognitive revolution
refers to the roughly twenty year period during the 1950s and 1960s when cognitivism became the dominant approach to psychology
Cognitive psychology takes a positivist approach
Conditioning, classical
Ivan Pavlov
a learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to be elicited in response to a previously neutral stimulus; this is achieved by repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus with the potent stimulus.
Conditioning, operant
a learning process in which behavior is sensitive to, or controlled by its consequences. For example, a child may learn to open a box to get the candy inside, or learn to avoid touching a hot stove.
Charles Darwin
evolutiontionism
Natural selection
influenced functionalism
John Dewey
Co founder of Functionalism
psychology should not focus on consciousness but on the interaction of the organism and the environment.
human beings have the ability to perfect ourselves
dorothea dix
American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.
Drive theories
a theory that attempts to define, analyze or classify the psychological drives. A drive is an “excitatory state produced by a homeostatic disturbance”,an instinctual need that has the power of driving the behaviour of an individual
Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied
Herman Ebbinghaus
experimental psychology with the human mind
showed that psychological processes, i.e. the central functions of learning, remembering and forgetting, were also open to experimental research.
Epistemology
the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope.
the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion
Ego Psychology
system of psychoanalytic developmental psychology concerned especially with personality.
Heinz Hartmann was principal contributor
Erik Erikson
developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings
He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis.
Eugenics
concept of making improvements on the human race by careful selection of who one mates and reproduces with.
Evolutionary Psychology
a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection.
Existential Psychology
a style of therapy that places emphasis on the human condition as a whole. Existential psychotherapy uses a positive approach that applauds human capacities and aspirations while simultaneously acknowledging human limitations.
The Experimentalists
a
Fechner, G
found a method to quantify states of consciousness
demonstrated that we can quantify psychology
First force in psychology
psychoanalysis
Free association
a technique used in psychoanalysis (and also in psychodynamic theory) which was originally devised by Sigmund Freud out of the hypnotic method of his mentor and coworker, Josef Breuer
Anna Freud
Freud’s daughter
mentor to Erik Erickson
did child therapy with psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
ego, superego
5 personality stages: oral, anal, phallic (oedipal and electra), latency, gential; concept of transference
psychoanalysis
functionalism
main focus was on ‘outer’ behavior rather than on ‘inner’ experience.
viewed consciousness as directly related to behavior, and it sought to investigate the function of consciousness for behavior
Francis Galton
Psychology of Adaptation
Discovering individual differences became the methodology of the psychology of adaptation
opinion that only people who are genetically gifted with intelligence are able to know what’s what. This represented the beginning of I.Q. testing.
Gestalt psychology
chiefly based on one insight: ‘form qualities’
Gestalt therapy
existential/experiential form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility, and that focuses upon the individual’s experience in the present moment, the therapist–client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person’s life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation.
G. Stanley Hall
Hall was the first president of the American Psychological Association and the first president of Clark University
Educational psychology
Proposed Hypothetico-deductive system with independent, dependent and intervening variables Drive state, previous experience, stimulus conditions, reward conditions et al. all combine mathematically to produce behavior
Martin Heidegger
existentialist
Bridge between Existential Philosophy and Existential Psychology
Dasein (“to be” “there”) the person and the world are inseparable
“when we give up our freedom, we experience guilt”
Helmholtz, H
In 1850 Helmholz was able to determine the speed with which an impulse travels the length of a neuron.
Hollingsworth, L. S.
made significant contributions in three areas: psychology of women; clinical psychology; and educational psychology
Karen Horney
psychoanalyst
credited with founding feminist psychology in response to Freud’s theory of penis envy.
Formed Neo Freudian discipline
Hull, C
Mechanistic Behaviorism
sought to reduce purposive behavior to mechanical laws, and psychology to physics
humanistic psychology
focus on the normal, healthy person
decried the emphasis on pathology as exemplified by the psychoanalytic tradition
Id, ego, super ego
Freud’s model of the mind
Id - the primal drives
Superego - Morality, value drives
Ego - The mediator between the id and ego, the seat of consciousness
Innate ideas
reason
knowledge can exist inside the mind and can be known within not as an external thing (numbers are real not just concepts)
William James
Functionalism
saw the will as the exclusive property of mental events
Carl Jung
psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded analytical psychology.
central concept of analytical psychology is individuation—the psychological process of integrating the opposites, including the conscious with the unconscious, while still maintaining their relative autonomy
Wolfgang Kohler
Gestalt approach to Learning
Insight in Chimps
Law of Effect
Thorndike
Of several responses made to the same situation, those which are accompanied or followed closely by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur.
Law of Pragnanz
organization principle’ which forces us to order our perceptions into ‘good’, ‘harmonious’, ‘symmetrical’ form
trial and error
Thorndike’s puzzle box was an example
The cat had to learn that she had to step on a treadle to open the box, to get the food. Thorndike noted that the cat
would display or emit many random movements but via trial and error she would eventually trip the latch and get out.
Learning: insight
Kohler’s chimpanzees
When chimpanzees were presented with a problematic situation, they surveyed the situation and then they had a sudden insight (an “ ‘Aha’ Erlebniss “) after which they solved the problem immediately. At later trials they were able to solve the problem directly
Little Alber
A child who was traumatized by John Watson
Experiment was of the first to exemplify classical conditioning as a part of the learning process
Paired a loud tone with the presentation of an animal, Albert learned to fear all things furry
Logical positivism
an epistemology, or a theory of knowledge and a philosophy of science that seeks to explicate and formalize the scientific method
distinguished between theoretical statements and observation statements
Abraham Maslow
Motivation and Personality (1954) explored the new humanistic model introduced concepts of the need hierarchy, self-actualization, and peak experience
needs hierarchy 1) Physiological 2) Security/Safety, 3) Social, 4) Self-Esteem Ego, 5) Self-Actualizatio
Rollo May
introduced Heideggarian existentialism to US psych
healthy anxiety = due to the uncertainty and responsibility of freedom
unhealthy anxiety = fear of freedom that leads to reduced choices. (e.g. accepting others’ values
Methodological behaviorism
places a great deal of emphasis on observing human and animal action as a means of gaining insight into why people behave the way they do.
Mind-body dualism
humans are both mental and physical
both states are inseparable
Herman Munsterberg
Functionalist
successor of James
motor theory of consciousness
Neobehaviorism
Edward C. Tolman, Clark Hull, BF Skinner
more self-consciously trying to formalize the laws of behavior
Purpose driven behavior
Responses to environment
parsimony
Ockham’s razor
The easier solution is probably correct.
Ivan Pavlov
Physiologist: Noble Prize for studies of the physiology of digestion.
Experimental “Psychologist” Discovered the “Psychic Reflex” ie, Classical Conditioning
“Clinical Psych Theorist” applications of Classical Conditioning
Phenomenology
the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view.
The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object
Phi phenomenon
the optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion.
Max Wertheimer defined this phenomenon in 1912.
Phrenology
comparing people’s personality and intelligence in terms of the shape of their cranium
Positivism
emphasized the experimental method.
Positivism promoted the approach to knowledge of letting the sensations determine ones thinking as the only valid methodology for scholarship
Psychic reflex
discovered by Pavlov
the dogs salivate before the presence of the stimulus while responding to the click of the light
Psychoanalysis
Freud and stuff
Rationalism
a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.
Reductionism
Reductionism is a philosophical position that holds that a complex system is nothing but the sum of its parts, and that an account of it can be reduced to accounts of individual constituents. This can be said of objects, phenomena, explanation, theories, and meanings.
Carl Rogers
Humanistic psychology: person centered
Self Actualization
Unconditional Positive Regard
Person-centered therapy
BF Skinner
Behaviorism
operant conditioning
Operant Chamber
Schedules of Reinforcement
Extreme environmentalism
Radical Behaviorism
Stream of consciousness
refers to the flow of thoughts in the conscious mind
William James, often considered to be the father of American psychology, first coined the phrase “stream of consciousness”
Structuralism
refers to a theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm Wundt and his mentee Edward Bradford Titchener.
seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they correlated to physical events.
To do this, psychologists employ introspection, self-reports of sensations, views, feelings, emotions, etc
Thorndike, E.L
Functionalist
Law of Effect - connections (associations) are strengthened when followed by a “Satisfying” state and weakened when followed by an “annoying” state.
Titchener, Edward
founded theory which defines the structure of consciousness experience by breaking it down into:
Objective sensations-sight, taste or touch
Emotional responses-subjective feelings like willand mental images
Psychology as the “Science of the mind”
Tolman, E. C
molar behavior
cognitive map - maps and mazes metaphor
theorizing has been called purposive behaviorism
and is often considered the bridge between behaviorism and cognitive theory.
Voluntarism
Wundt founded this school of thought
focuses on the importance of voluntary and willful acts of decision in human behavior.
Lev Vygotsky
Russian Developmental Psychologist. Contemporary of Piaget.
Zone of proximal learning
John Watson
redefined the goal of Psychology as the prediction and control of behavior and proposed that Positivism, the study of observable behaviors, is the only legitimate methodology.
” Little Albert” Studies -Conditioned Fear Responses
Wertheimer, Max
Founder of the Gestalt School
Described the Phi Phenomenon
Lightner Witmer
American psychologist credited with the introduction of the term and the founding of “Clinical Psychology.”
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
date his lab was founded = 1879
one of the founding figures of modern psychology.
first person to ever call himself a psychologist.
father of experimental psychology
Zeigarnik effect
tendency to experience intrusive thoughts about an objective that was once pursued and left incomplete
automatic system signals the conscious mind, which may be focused on new goals, that a previous activity was left incomplete. It seems to be human nature to finish what we start and, if it is not finished, we experience dissonance.
