The Teaching Profession Flashcards
Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, habits, attitudes, interest, skills, abilities, and other human qualities through training, self-activity, and transmitting these vital elements of human civilization to posterity.
Education
What are the three types of education?
Formal, non-formal, and informal
Refers to the hierarchically structured and chronologically graded learning, organized and provided by formal schools and where certification is required in order for the learner to progress through the grades or move on to higher levels.
Formal Education
Refers to any school-based educational activities undertaken by the DECS and other agencies aimed at attaining specific learning objectives for a particular learner.
Non-formal education
added info: TESDA
It is a type of education that can be acquired anytime and anywhere, also known as the education for all seasons.
Informal Education (education at home/workshops)
What are the two theories concerning the exact ORIGIN OF EDUCATION?
Theory of Evolution and Theory of Divine Education
It advocates that God equipped man with intellect and free will.
Theory of Divine Education
Explain the THEORY OF EVOLUTION
The theory of evolution believes that education started when the primitive\man began his quest to find ways and means to feed,
clothe, shelter and protect himself, and compete with other animals
for survival. (Education for conformity, survival of the fittest)
What are the ancient civilizations that have contributed to education? State their contribution.
Jewish - religious education
Chinese - career-oriented education
Egyptian - practical and empirical (math: pi - 3.16; engineering and architecture: pyramids)
Greek - liberal and democratic (rule of the people)
Roman - pragmatic and progressive (practical) - military
They were the wandering scholars who went to Athens to teach Athenian boys by collecting fees from them.
Sophists
Famous sophist who stated that man is the measure of all things.
Protagoras
The _________ flourished in order to counteract the influences of the Sophists.
Greek Thinkers
Who are the greek thinkers who counteracted the influences of the Sophists?
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
He was a Greek Thinker who believed that knowledge is virtue
and all virtuous actions are based on knowledge.
Socrates
In what teaching method was Socrates known?
Socratic-Dialectic Method - asking questions and not give an answer (checking consciousness of other people.
He believed that the social class the person belongs to determines their education.
Plato
What are the social classes according to Plato?
Philosophical Class - Rulers
Warrior Class - Protectors
Artisan Class - Workers
you need to take an exam/training in order to pass those social classes
He believed that virtue is brought by doing not by knowing and advanced the idea that man is a social animal and must use his reason to attain his ultimate end, which is ‘the summumbonum’ or highest/supreme Good.
Aristotle.
What are the teaching methods Jesus Christ used?
Parable, conversational, and proverbial or gnomic methods.
When did Christian Education (catholicism) become part of Rome’s mainstream society?
Christian Education became part of the mainstream society in Rome
when Emperor Constantine proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of the Roman world.
Constantine dreamt of Jesus Christ showing him the cross, and said, “By this sign, you will conquer.”
He placed the cross symbol in their armor, during the BATTLE OF MILVIAN BRIDGE IN 312 against his BROTHER-IN-LAW, Maxentius.
They won the battle, and Constantine declared that Catholicism would be Rome’s official religion.
What are the five different medieval moments in education?
Monasticism, Scholasticism, The Medieval University, Chivalry, and the Guild System.
It is where education was a religious discipline, strict, rigid, and punishment was severe.
Monasticism
Who is the father of monasticism?
St. Anthony
What is the school/agency the monasticism used?
Monasteries
What are the three principles of monasticism? Explain each.
Chastity, poverty, and obedience
Chastity - turning away from family relationships, then adopt poor children
Poverty - selling their own inheritance in order to provide for the poor.
Obedience to God, they punish themselves hardly when they are committing mistakes.
Who is Charlemagne during monasticism?
Charlemagne is a holy roman emperor who supported the Monastic schools and even established court schools to educate his constituents.
What curriculum did the monastic schools use?
7 liberal arts
The trivium:
Grammar - language and literature
Dialectic - reasoning
Rhetoric - law and composition
The quadrivium: astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, and music
It is where education was an INTELLECTUAL DISCIPLINE and its purpose was to bring reason to faith and support theology by using logic.
more: beliefs on God’s existence through the logical method
divine revelation to fill out expand knowledge
Scholasticism
Who is the father of SCHOLASTICISM?
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury
What are the schools used during SCHOLASTICISM?
Parish School - for talented men
Monastic and Cathedral - for the leaders of the church
Palace School (Charlemagne) - for intelligent leaders
He is one of the foremost proponents of the scholastic movement/
St. Thomas of Aquinas
What is “universitas magistrorum et scholarium”?
It is known as a “corporation/association of teachers and students”, chartered by the pope or the kings.
Who chartered the first organized university?
Emperor Frederick I
What is the first organized university, Emperor Frederick I chartered?
The University of Bologna in 1158
The Medieval University was composed of_____________, ____________, ___________, _________, ____________, and __________.
THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY was composed of a Studiumgenerale
(student body), Nation, Councilors, Facultas, Dean, and Rector.
It is where education was used as a SOCIAL DISCIPLINE, where a boy of noble birth has to pass through several stages to be fully accepted as a member of his social class.
CHIVALRY
What are the three stages of social classes during CHIVALRY? Explain.
Page - an attendant to the noble courts at the age of 7.
Squire - an attendant to the knight at the age of 14.
Knight - a full-pledged warrior who has vowed to protect the women, and the poor, defend the church, and the state, attack the wicked and shed blood for the sake of his country and his fellow countrymen.
What is the GUILD system? Explain.
The guild system provided education for the middle class that acquired their fortune from the profits in commercial and industrial endeavors brought by the “crusades”.
Artisan workers arise in the guild system. (a lot of different workers)
Guild means association
(who had common interests, or who engaged in the same work).
Religious and sociable
What is Corpus Christi?
Body of Christ
What is the RENAISSANCE PERIOD IN EDUCATION? Explain.
RENAISSANCE is considered the revival of ancient learning that brought
by the discovery of the “New World” by Christopher Columbus, the
fascinating stories of Marco Polo about the wealth and technology
of the East, the invention of the printing press, and other events.
What is HUMANISM?
It is a philosophy that believes that education aims to
liberate man from the oppressive and demanding medieval
institutions like the church and the state to enable him to fully
develop his potential.
Explain Italian or Individual Humanism
It stressed that individual freedom is a prerequisite to the achievement of a rich and fulfilled life.
Explain Northern or Social Humanism.
Northern or Social Humanism advocated that education is an avenue
for societal regeneration.
It highlighted the protests of the people who were dissatisfied by the policies of the Roman Catholic Church caused by the massive corruption and indulgences of the church.
REFORMATION
Who is Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was considered as the father of Reformation, wrote the
95 theses that denounce the Catholic Church and posted it in
the doorpost of his Cathedral on October 31, 1517.
It was the response of the Roman Catholic Church to the protests of the “Reformers” led by Rev. Martin Luther.
Catholic Counter-Reformation
It was an educational philosophy that advocates that education
should be concerned with the actualities of life and prepare for its
concrete duties.
REALISM (realistic not logical)
Who were the PROPONENTS OF REALISTIC EDUCATION?
The proponents of REALISTIC EDUCATION were John Milton, Francois
Rubelais, Michael de Montaigne, John Amos Comenius, Francis
Bacon, Richard Mulcaster, and WolgangRatke.
He believed that boys should study formal grammar and that formal education must be emphasized.
John Milton
He suggested that education should be made attractive and pleasant rather than compulsive.
Francois Rubelais
He emphasized the use of field trips/educational tours in the teaching-learning process and introduced the concept of finishing schools.
Michael Montagne
He wrote “OrbisPictusSensualism” or the World of Sensible Things Pictured, which is considered as the first textbook on using of visual aids in classroom teaching.
John Amos Comenius
suggested the used of inductive method of teaching and believed that all scientific progress must be based on nature.
Francis Bacon
inductive - set of facts
He suggested the use of the inductive method of teaching and believed that all scientific progress must be based on nature.
Francis Bacon
Inductive - use of facts to form a principle.
He argued that education should be in accordance with the nature of the child and its aim is to secure the expression and development of childish tendencies and not to suppress them.
Richard Mulcaster
He advocated that everything should constantly be repeated to ensure mastery.
WolgangRatke
It is a philosophy, which believes that education is based on discipline.
Disciplinism
He is an advocate of Disciplinism and believed that WHEN A CHILD IS BORN HIS MIND CAN BE COMPARED TO A “TABULA RASA” or a blank tablet/sheet and experiences will be the ones to write on that tablet/sheet.
John Locke
It is an educational philosophy, which adheres to the belief that education should be in accordance with the nature of the child. (natural development).
Naturalism
He believed that man at birth is naturally good, and SOCIETAL INFLUENCES MAKE MAN evil, and that the stronger the body, the more it obeys, the weaker the body, the more it commands.
Jean Jacques Rosseau
What is the PSYCHOLOGICAL MOVEMENT in Education?
The Psychological Movement in Education calls for the application
of basic psychological principles like individual differences, transfer
of learning and other to the educative process.
Among the educators who belong to the PSYCHOLOGICAL
MOVEMENT were _________, __________, __________, and ____________.
Among the educators who belong to the PSYCHOLOGICAL
MOVEMENT were Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, Johan Friedrich Herbart,
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel and Maria Montessori.
He advocated that learning is through observation and education is basically a “contact of souls” and the teacher must feel respect and sympathy for the children he teaches.
Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi
What is the Herbatian Method of Teaching?
it is composed of Preparation, Presentation, Association, Generalization, and Application.
Who advocated the Herbatian Method of teaching?
Johan Friedrich Herbart
Founder of Pedagogy as an academic discipline
Johan Friedrich Herbart
He established a child-centered school in 1840, which came to be known as “Kindergarten”.
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel
An educator who developed a child-centered curriculum and emphasized manipulation and experimentation to promote independence and creativity.
Maria Montessori
It is where education is looked upon as the process geared toward the propagation, perpetuation, and improvement of society, and the total development of an individual.
The Sociological Movement
He is a proponent of the Sociological Movement and believed that education should be democratic, and should be considered as a life, not preparation for life.
John Dewey
What did John Dewey postulate that he became famous for in the field of education?
He postulated the famous “Learning by Doing Dictum”, which states that a learner learns best if he is an active participant in the teaching-learning process.
A teacher has a _____ and _____ to determine the academic marks and the promotions of learners in the subject or grades he handles, provided that such determination shall be in accordance with generally accepted procedures of _______ and _______.
right and duty; evaluation and measurement
Engagement in any tasks other than the assigned task.
Example: talking, sleeping, playing during discussion.
Off-task behavior
How do teachers manage off-task behavior?
A teacher should always consider not only the goodness of one but of the entire class.
It is a ______________ to seek correctives for what may appear to be unprofessional and unethical conduct of any associate.
responsibility of teachers
A teacher asked his students what they want to be when they grow up.
What philosophy is used in the situation? Explain
Idealism - a philosophy that exists in the mind as the only reality. It believes that the ultimate reality is spiritual or mental. It believes in unified reality with God as the perfect or the absolute or universal mind.
The school exists due to spiritual necessity.
His becoming good or bad depends on his education and free will.
It is an educational philosophy where it stresses that reality is not in the mind, but in the external world (actualities).
Realism
In accordance with the ____________, every
teacher shall participate in the Continuing Professional Education
(CPE).
Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
In a situation where mutual attraction and subsequent love develop
between teacher and learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost
______ _______ to avoid scandal, gossip and preferential
treatment of the learner.
professional discretion
It connotes growth and development and is described by engaging students in problem-solving activities that are a reflection of the personal and social experiences that can help them solve their own real-life problems.
Progressivism
It is defined as the philosophy of subjectivity of selfhood whose fundamental doctrine proclaims man’s freedom in the accomplishment of his destiny.
Existentialism
It maintains that education involves confronting problems and questions that have challenged people over the centuries.
Perennialism
It is concerned with the fundamental of education skills and knowledge without each a person can’t be either individually or socially efficient.
Essentialism
It says that education should be about life and growth. The teacher focuses on the work that is not only good for the students but for society.
Pragmatism
It covers the underlying factors that constitute reality or society and where students are encouraged to become involved in the problems whether political, social, or economic that confronts society and able to arrive at solutions in order to construct society.
Reconstructivism
“Teaching students things that are practical for life and encourage them to grow into better people.”
This message is from____________________
John Dewey
Teachers are not punishers but ____________ as mandated by the law that no teacher should inflict corporal punishments on the students.
Counselors
_______________between school administrators, faculty and the community is the best attribute to bring about better programs and initiatives.
Partnership
_________________requires the teachers to be careful with the statements he/she tells about superiors especially in front of his/her students.
Respect for Authority
This is an integral part of the teaching process
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
What is the FUNDAMENTAL MORAL PRINCIPLE?
Do good and avoid evil.
“Moral examples have a greater effect on pupil’s discipline than laws and codes of punishment.”
Who said this message?
Confucius
What is the highest form of values in Max Scheler’s Hierarchy of Values?
Values of the Holy
The _____________________is the basic foundation of Christian morality, which guides their behavior and dealing with moral issues.
Ten Commandments
it is a philosophy that is summarized by “eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow you will die.”
Epicurianism
He is an idealist that believes that the truth is universal and changeless.
Plato
It is a theory of philosophy that defines views about learners, the teacher, and the school.
Philosophy of Education
What are the ASEAN COUNTRIES?
Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Laos, China, Indonesia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Singapore
The ASIAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY are 10 countries working together with a market of 600 million people with the goal of _________ __________.
Free trade
It includes the flow of goods, services, investment, capital, skilled labor, and professional mobility.
Free Trade
It is a national policy describing the level of educational qualifications and sets the standards for qualification outcomes.
Professional Qualification Framework
It is defined as the quest for truth based on logical reasoning aside from factual observation.
Philosophy
What are the Branches of Philosophy?
Metaphysics, Epistemology, Axiology and Logic.
It deals with the nature of being and reality, essence, truth, space, time, causation, the essence of God, and the origin of the purpose of the universe.
Metaphysics
It is the study of knowledge.
Epistemology
It seeks to rationalize the questions like what is value and what are the values to be desired in living and the like.
Axiology
It is the art and science of correct thinking and correct reasoning.
Logic
What are the subdivisions under metaphysics?
Cosmology, Teleology, and Ontology
It explains and theorized on the origin of the nature of the universe including creationism and evolutionism.
Cosmology
It explains the purpose of the universe.
Teleology
It deals with the meaning of existence and tries to resolve the question of whether existence is identical to space, time, nature, spirit, and God.
Ontology
What are the subdivisions under Epistemology?
Agnosticism, Skepticism, Posteriori, and Priori
It is a doctrine that conclusive knowledge of ultimate reality is an outright impossibility and claims that it is impossible for man to prove the existence of God.
Agnosticism
It is the doctrine that any true knowledge is impossible and everything is open to doubt.
Skeptcisim
Who are the advocates of Skepticism?
Pyrrho and Rene Descartes
it advanced the idea that knowledge is based on experience.
Posteriori
It is the reasoning that knowledge is independent and comes from experience.
Priori
What are the subdivisions under Axiology?
Ethics and Aesthetics
It is defined as the art and science that deals with the morality of human acts.
Ethics
It is the distinction between right and wrong
Morality
It is fundamentally concerned with the beauty of standards or tests of values.
Aesthetics
What are the different areas of concern of logic?
Induction, Deduction, Syllogism, and Dialect
It is a reasoning that is done through the process of inferring a general law or principle from the observation of particular instances to a general conclusion.
Induction
It is the reasoning through the process of inferring a general principle to specific included within the scope of that principle.
Deduction
It is an argumentation in which a conclusion is derived from two propositions called premises.
Syllogism
What are the premises of syllogism?
Major term (major premise, Minor term (minor premise), and Middle term (found in two premises and not in conclusion).
It is a means of discovering the truth by proceeding from an assertion or thesis to a denial or an antithesis and finally reconciling the two into synthesis.
Dialect
It is an act that proceeds from the deliberate free will of man.
Human Act
It is an act that does not proceed from the deliberate free will of man and is sometimes instinctive.
Acts of Man
What are the three types of Human Acts in relation to reason?
Good, Evil, and Indifferent
What are the elements of Human Acts?
Knowledge, Freedom, and Voluntariness
What are the modifiers of human acts?
Ignorance, Concupiscence, Fear, Violence, and Habit
It is the absence of intellectual knowledge in man.
Ignorance
It refers to bodily appetites or tendencies like love, hatred, joy, grief, passion, daring, fear, and anger.
Concupiscence
It is the shrinking back of the mind from danger.
Fear
It is an external force applied by a free cause, which impairs man’s free will.
Violence
It is born of frequently repeated acts.
Habit
It is defined as an ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good by the one in charge of the society.
Law
What are the types of law?
According to the Author, According to Duration, According to Manner of Promulgation of Physical, According to Prescription, and According to Effect of Violation
It is a practical judgment of reason upon which an individual act is considered good, which is to be performed or evil, which is to be avoided.
Conscience
What are the STATES OF CONSCIENCE?
Correct or true certain, erroneous, and doubtful
Anything that can be desired and something that is chosen from alternatives acted upon enhances creative integration and development of human personality.
Values
What are the properties of VALUES?
Objective, Subjective, Relative, Bipolar, and Heirarchal
It is subject to change, good for what and for whom.
Relative
It is good for one, not for the others.
Subjective
Has an absolute character.
Objective
It is good and bad.
Bipolar
It is scaled graduation and according to priority
Hierarchal
What are the CLASSIFICATIONS OF VALUES ACCORDING TO ANDRES?
Useful or Utilitarian, Pleasurable or Delectable, Befitting or becoming good, Accidental Values, Natural Human Values, Primary and Secondary Values, Moral/Ethical, Religious, Cultural Values, and Social values.
Where useful things are obtained from it.
Useful or Utilitarian
Provides pleasure to the subject.
Pleasurable or Delectable
Develops, completes and perfects the subject
Befitting or becoming good
temporal, impermanent, and variable
Accidental Values
Befit man every place at every time
Natural Human Values
Are chosen, acted upon, and necessary for authentic development of man and is chosen from alternatives.
Primary Values
Obligatory values
Secondary Values
Obligatory in character and is the basic and urgent in life and activities of man.
Moral/Ethical
It is the ultimate divine value.
Religious Values
it includes poetry, music, painting, and unique characteristics important to a culture.
Cultural Value
What are the FOUR-FOLD TEST OF ROBIN WILLIAMS to determine cultural values?
Extensiveness, Duration of Value, Intensity, and Prestige of Value Carrier
It is the value of friendship, family ties, and the like,
Social Values
it refers to the different scales or graduation of prioritizing of values.
Hierarchy of Values
What is PLATO’S HIERARCHY OF VALUES?
Knowledge, Honor, Money/Business, Pleasure, and Passion.
What is MAX SCHELLER’S hierarchy of values?
Pleasure Values, Vital or Welfare, Spiritual or Cultural, and Sacred
What are the DEFECTIVE NORMS OF MORALITY?
Hedonism, Utilitarianism, Moral Rationalism, Moral Evolution, Moral Positivism, Moran Sensism, and Communism
It is a belief that morality is determined by the acquisition of pleasure.
Hedonism
_______________________ are the different philosophical beliefs about morality, which somehow do not conform to the universally accepted standards of human morality.
Defective Norms of Morality
It refers to actions that are geared toward the total amount of happiness that one can achieve.
Utilitarianism
