The Systems Flashcards
is the tube that psses through the penis through the outside of the body which carries sperm and urine
urethra
is a soft, tubular organ that hangs front of the body and is the external sexual organ or the male
penis
it is where the penis becomes larger and stiffer due to increase flow of blood during _____________
ejaculation
made up of coiled tubules in which the sperm are produced
testes
is a coiled J-shaped tube located on the back of each testicle
epididymis
is the tube that receives sperm from the epididymis of each testicle
vas deferens
is a pouch of skin that hangs from the penis which houses the testes
scrotum
a tube that is about 18 inches long that loops over the urinary bladder
vas deferens
a common tube wherein urine and sperm passes
urethra
a pair of _____________ are the base of the urinary bladder that secrete a thick fluid that nourishes the sperm
seminal vesicles
tubes that are lined with muscles, these muscles contract to force the semen out of the body during ejaculation
ejaculatory ducts
small and almond-shaped organs located inside the female
ovary
the ovaries produce and release one ripened egg every ____ days
28
the process where ovaries release one ripened egg
ovulation
two tubes that extend from each ovary into the uterus
fallopian tubes
their main function is to house the egg until fertilization
fallopian tubes
is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located between the two ovaries
uterus
it is where the fertilized egg will develop
uterus
a narrow structure within an inch-long canal connecting the lower end of the uterus to the upper portion of the vagina
cervix
is the hollow tube leading from the cervix to the outside of the body
vagina or birth canal
is the hairy skin-covered pad of fat over the pubic bone
mons veneris
the small lips covered with modified skin
labia minora
large lips covered with pubic hair
labia majora
the small almond-shaped erectile tissue located between the junction of two minora
clitoris
these are regulating and complex chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands that are carried through the bloodstream to the target organ in many areas of the body
hormones
who controls the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
what hormones does the pituitary gland secrete
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
the reproductive glands are controlled by the _________________
pituitary gland
is a stage when a child’s body starts to develop and change as he/she becomes an adult
puberty
what are male hormones
testosterone
what are female hormones
estrogen and progesterone
it regulates the development of the male sex organs while still an embryo
testosterone
hormone that controls sex drive and regulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics at puberty
estrogen
mucus membrane lining the womb
endometrium
it controls the development of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle and the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy
progesterone
stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
prolactin
in females, it stimulates ovulation, maturity of eggs, and progesterone production while in males it stimulates sperm and testosterone production
luteinizing hormone (LH)
in females, it stimulates the maturation of egg cells in the ovary and estrogen production while in males it stimulates sperm production
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
is the monthly shedding of the lining of the uterus
menstruation
lining of the uterus
endometrium
severe pain during menstruation
dysmenorrhea
abnormal absence of menstruation
amenorrhea
abnormal and infrequent mentrual period
oligomenorrhea
is the formation of the gamete (sperm and egg)
gametogenesis
stage where the sperm penetrate an egg
fertilization
when the fertilized egg undergoes series of mitotic cell divisions and later becomes the early embryo
cleavage and blastulation
stage to organize cell migration patterns in the embryo to form the three germ layers
gastrulation
process of cell differentiation and formation of all major organs
organogenesis
last stage where the organs acquire their unique structure and chemical properties
growth and tissue specialization
cleavages have transformed into a solid group of cells called _______________ and later on will develop into a _____________
morula and blastocyst
there is an inner cell mass of the blastocysts having a surface cell layer called the _________________
trophoblast
the process of the attachment of the blastocyst is called
implantation
secretion of ____________________ from trophoblast helps to maintain the corpus luteum to grow and to secrete estrogens and progesteerone
chorionic gonadotropin
is the initial development stage in humans after fertilization
embryo
the bond that holds the embryo to the wall of the uterus
placenta
after when does the umbilical cord form
25 days after fertilization
a cord forms between the embryo and the sac (called placenta), this cord is called ___________________
umbilical cord
the developing embryo is enclosed in a sac of a thin tissue called _________-
amniotic sac
this fluid serves as a shock absorber and helps the embryo to maintain its temperature
amniotic sac
is made up of a group of organs called the endocrine glands
endocrine system
connected to the pituitary gland by blood vessels
hypothalamus
it regulates body temperature, blood pressure, and the use of water
hypothalamus
small gland located at the base of the brain
hypothalamus
released from the hypothalamus to control muscle contractions of the uterus and milk production
oxytocin
it stimulates the adrenal gland
pituitary gland
it stimulates the thyroid gland
pituitary gland
it regulates the growth of the skeletal system
pituitary gland
it stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
pituitary gland
it triggers the fight or flight response
adrenal
found just above the kidney
adrenal
hormone that is released into the bloodstream when a person is in dangerous or stressful situations
adrenaline
located in the front of the neck and below the voice box
thyroid
this gland secretes thyroxine which contains iodine and calcitonin which controls calcium levels in the bloodstream
thyroid
it regulates the rate of metabolism
thyroid
four tiny glands connected to the back of the thyroid gland
parathyroid
regulates the minerals in the body, calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream
parathyroid hormone
located below the stomach
pancreas
controls the level of sugar in the blood
insulin
can occur if there is low sugar in the blood
hypoglycemia
located in the upper chest behind the breastbone
thymus
it plays an important role in developing some of the body’s defenses against infection
thymus
gland that play an important role in reproduction
reproductive glands: testes and ovaries
is responsible for the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment of the body
homeostasis
it regulates body temperature, fluids, salts, acids, gases, and nutrients
homeostasis
are receptors responsible for gathering information about the conditions inside and outside of the body
sensors
control center of the body
brain
communicating system of the body
nervous and endocrine system
is any organ, or cell that is responsible for the changes in the activity of the body in response to the message received
target
are branched cell components that receive stimulus from other neurons or sensory receptors
dendrites
it transmits stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or another neuron
axon
contains a nucleus that will process the stimulus
cell body
many functions of the body and processes operate using _____________
feedback systems
is a control system to reduce or minimize any changes or conditions of the body, which keeps the whole body system stable
negative feedback
the one responsible for the response to changes
effector
receptors that are found inside the cell
intracellular receptors
receptors that are located in the plasma membrane
cell surface receptor
is a control system that uses information from sensors to increase the rate of processes
positive feedback
