Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology 785 > The Sympathetic ANS as a Model > Flashcards

The Sympathetic ANS as a Model Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ANS?

A

Regulate the function of internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the ANS?

A

Primarily maintains internal environment at homeostasis and cannot function independently of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system of the ANS?

A

The second major subdivision of the ANS. This systems acts in concert with the PNS to regulate heart, secretory glands, and smooth muscles. “fight or flight”. Have vertebral chain so there is an all or nothing on/off switch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous systems of the ANS?

A

Functions mainly to conserve energy and restore body resources. Reducing heart rate, increasing GI activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the sympathetic receptors?

A

On smooth muscles called adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors (a- b- receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the parasympathetic receptors?

A

On smooth muscles called cholinoceptors (muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is noradrenaline released?

A

Released at sympathetic nerve endings onto smooth muscle (known as neuroeffector junctions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effects of noradrenaline?

A

Its effects are supplemented by the action of adrenaline released into the bloodstream from the adrenal medulla (enhancing the all or nothing response)
Both adrenaline and noradrenaline have a very short plasma half-life and have to be administered parenterally, limiting their versatility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the four main subtypes of noradrenaline?

A

A1-, A2, B1-, B2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are A1- receptors found?

A

Small surface vessels e.g. GI tract, skin, Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are A2- receptors found?

A

Sympathetic nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are B1- receptors found?

A

Heart, Juxtaglomerular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are B2-receptors found?

A

Large deep blood vessels, bronchial tree, uterus, skeletal muscle, ciliary muscle (eye), liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does noradrenaline have greaters activity?

A

A-adrenoceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does adrenaline have greater activity?

A

Equal activity to a- and b- adrenoceptors

18
Q

What does it mean to have selective agents?

A

Agents that target distinct receptor subtypes (with far less side-effects)
E.g. b2-selective agonists

19
Q

What is the main effect or noradrenaline, where is it found?

A

Mainly a-stimulation, used to raise blood pressure e.g. after shock, in surgery, causes vasoconstriction

20
Q

What is the main use of adrenaline, where is it found?

A

Both a- and b- stimulation. uses as for noradrenaline, also to increase duration of effect of local anaesthetics by constricting surface blood vessels, increases heart rate, bronchodilation

21
Q

What does cardioprotection mean?

A

Beta-antagonists e.g. beta-blockers - reduces the effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline

22
Q

What is a a1-agonist, what is it used for?

A

Principal effect is vasoconstriction. Used to receive nasal constriction by constricting blood vessels, to raise blood pressure

23
Q

What are some examples of a1-agonists?

A

Pseudoephedrine (decongestant), noradrenaline, phenylephrine (eye drops)

24
Q

What is an example of a selective a2-agonist?

A

e.g. clonidine

25
Q

Where are a2 receptors found?

A

Many sites including brain and spinal cord.

26
Q

Stimulating a2 receptors cause

A

Inhibition of noradrenaline release, vasodilation

27
Q

How does selectivie B2 agonists work?

A

On bronchial smooth muscle cause bronchodilation, miosis, vasodilation, relaxation of uterus, tremor, glycogenolysis

28
Q

What are the main uses of B2 agonists?

A

bronchodilation, delay premature labour, treat hyperkalaemia

29
Q

What are examples of B2 agonists?

A

Salbutamol, terbutaline, eformeterol, salametrol

30
Q

What are some side effects of B2 agonists?

A

tachycardia, headache, fine tremor, hypokalaemia

31
Q

What are selective B1 agonists?

A

Predominately on myocardium. Provide inotropic support in infarction, cardiac surgery

32
Q

What are some examples of B1 agonists?

A

Dobutamine, dopamine

33
Q

What are A1 antagonists?

A

Used in hypertension - cause peripheral arterial vasodilation by blocking effects of released noradrenaline. Also used in patients with poor circulation or BPH

34
Q

What are some examples of A1 antagonists?

A

Doxazosin, terazosin, prazosin, tamulosin

35
Q

What are some side effects of A1 antagonists?

A

dizziness, postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia

36
Q

What are B1 antagonists? (b-blockers)

A

reduction of sympathetic ‘tone’ especially heart rate - sometimes called cardio protective, protecting the CV system against excessive sympathetic activity

37
Q

What are some examples of B1 antagonists?

A

Metoprolol

38
Q

What is ISA

A

intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (i.e. partial agonist like effects) which may cause less bradycardia & cold extremities e.g. celiprolol, pindolol

39
Q

What is the main use of B1 antagonists?

A

angina, arrhythmias, hypertension, post-MI recovery, heart failure

40
Q

What B1 antagonists are lipid soluble?

A

They can cross the blood brain barrier e.g. metoprolol, propranolol, bisoprolol

41
Q

What B1 antagonists are water soluble?

A

Cannot cross BB barrier. Avoid or reduce dose in renal impairment e.g. atenolol, celiprolol, nadolol

42
Q

What are side effects of B-antagonists?

A

Bronchospasm (avoid in respiratory disease), bradycardia, fatigue, cold extremities, loss or libido, erectile dysfunction, vivid dreams, sleep disturbance, can mask hyppoglycaemia

Pharmacology 785 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions