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History > The Succession Crisis > Flashcards

The Succession Crisis Flashcards

1
Q

Where and what with were Scottish king’s inaugurated?

A

They were inaugurated in Scone, with the stone of destiny.

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2
Q

When did Alexander III become king?

A

13th July 1249

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3
Q

What were the factions of the Comyn’s and Alan Durward fighting for control of in the 1250’s?

A

The King - Alexander was too young to make decisions so would need advisers. These arguments ceased in 1260 when Alexander took control of Scotland properly.

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4
Q

How many children did Alexander III have?

A

Three - Alexander, David and Margaret. All of them and his wife died between 1275 and 1284.

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5
Q

When and how did Alexander III die?

A

19th March 1286 - his horse threw him whilst he was on his way to meet his new wife, Yolande of Dreux.

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6
Q

Why did the involvement of King Edward I of England seem natural and inevitable in the succession crisis?

A
  • He was a powerful neighbour
  • He was Alexander III’s brother in law
  • Alexander’s lord (including many others in Scotland) for his English lands
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7
Q

Name the six (or seven) guardians of Scotland chosen to run the country in the absence of a monarch.

A
  • Bishop Fraser (St Andrew’s)
  • Bishop Wishart (Glasgow)
  • Alexander Comyn (Earl of Buchan)
  • Duncan of Fife (Earl)
  • John Comyn (Badenoch)
  • James Stewart (Baron)

There is also evidence that a Seventh Guardian existed, the Bishop of Dunkeld, who died in 1286.

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8
Q

What was the Turnberry Bond?

A

Settled in September of 1286, it was a promise by Robert Bruce and others to aid Richard de Burgh’s (Earl of Ulster) campaign.

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9
Q

What strongholds did Robert Bruce take for the Turnberry Bond?

A

Castles at Wigtown and Dumfries and the stronghold (held by Balliol) at Buittle.

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10
Q

How did the Guardians respond to Bruce’s takeovers?

A

They raised a host army, made Bruce swear fealty to Margaret of Norway and hand back the strongholds.

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11
Q

Who was Margaret of Norway?

A

The child of Eric II of Norway and Alexander III’s granddaughter. Proposed ruler of Scotland, but she was only a small child.

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12
Q

Why was having Margaret as the next ruler causing problems?

A

-She was a child
-She was in Norway
-She was a girl (no precedent for this except from the disaster in England
in 1135)

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13
Q

What was the treaty of Salisbury?

A

It allowed Edward’s son and Margaret to get married (but not actually a marriage agreement), conceived in 1289.

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14
Q

What did the Treaty of Birgham (1290) state?

A
  • Margaret and Edward of Caernarvon would marry
  • Scotland and England would remain independent of one another
  • No parliament governing Scotland would be held in England
  • Scottish customs, rights and freedoms would be protected
  • The Scottish church would remain independent of the English one
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15
Q

How did Edward attempt to work around the Treaty of Birgham?

A

He took over the Isle of Man and appointed Bishop Anthony Bek to help run Scotland in Margaret’s absence.

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16
Q

What happened to Margaret of Norway in September 1290?

A

She fell ill and died on her journey from Norway to Orkney.

17
Q

Who did Bishop Fraser ask for help against the brewing rivalries for the throne in Scotland?

A

Edward I.

18
Q

How did Edward I offer to deal with the succession crisis?

A

He offered to judge the claims (not arbitrate) as the superior lord of the kingdom.

19
Q

What did Edward I do to try and solidify his overlordship?

A

in March of 1291 he ordered English monasteries to search out documents that proved his ownership of Scotland.

20
Q

What did Edward I do when the Scots asked him not to judge but to arbitrate?

A

He ordered his army to muster at Norham and prepared a blockade of all Scottish ports.

21
Q

How did the claimants respond to Edward’s demands?

A

They didn’t want to lose their chance of becoming king so they recognised Edward as their overlord.

22
Q

How many claimants were there at the start of the Great Cause?

A

13

23
Q

What did Edward I’s powers as judge give him during the Great Cause?

A

The custody of Scotland, including royal castles and the great seal.

24
Q

What were Balliol’s main arguments for becoming King?

A

He was the closest when considering primogeniture as the grandson of the Earl David eldest daughter. He would be able to inherit Scotland without a big chance of partition and his main competitor (Bruce) was very old.

25
Q

What were Bruce’s main arguments for becoming King?

A

He was closer in degree to the royal line. He also claimed that he had been designated heir by Alexander III but had no evidence to back this up.

26
Q

What did the Paris lawyers Edward I consulted consider most important, nearness-in-degree or primogeniture?

A

Nearness-in-degree (but Edward I ignored them anyway).

27
Q

What did Bruce try when it was obvious that Balliol had become the favoured candidate?

A

He turned his support to John Hasting’s claim that since Scotland was now a fief of the English King, it should be treated like all other big fiefs and divided between the co-heirs. Edward rejected this idea.

28
Q

On whose favour did Edward I give judgement for on 17th November 1292?

A

John Balliol

29
Q

When did Balliol swore fealty to Edward I?

A

26 December 1292 in Newcastle. He also released Edward to all ties to the agreements made between 1286 and 1292, specifically the Treaty of Birgham.

30
Q

What are the arguments that Edward I was fair in his decision in the Great Cause?

A
  • He asked for as many claimants as possible to come forward.
  • Gave time for claimants to seek out evidence for their case
  • Looked for advice from the University of Paris
  • Removed himself as one of the claimants.
31
Q

What are the arguments that Edward I was not fair in his decision for the Great Cause?

A
  • He looked for documents proving his ownership of Scotland
  • Set himself up as Judge and not arbitrator
  • Ignored the advice of the Uni of Paris anyway
  • Held the hearings in England
  • Had armies positioned and a blockade prepared.
32
Q

What problems did John Balliol now face as he was king?

A
  • Scotland had been without a king since 1286
  • He was a factional king, had to remain in the favour of his supporters while pleasing his enemies
  • Had altered the status of the king, was not a king by right and was a vassal
  • Was forced to accept Thomas of Hunsingore as chancellor
  • Edward began hearing cases outside of Scotland (Berwick Burgess, 1292)
33
Q

Who did Edward I go to war with in 1294?

A

France

34
Q

What did Edward I demand Balliol to do in June 1294 to help against the French?

A

That Balliol and 10 Scottish earls, 16 barons and their retinues would appear at Portsmouth by September.

35
Q

What year was the Council of Twelve appointed?

A

1295

36
Q

What did the Council of Twelve do to defy Edward I?

A

They forged and alliance with France against him.

History (1 decks)

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