The Structures of Globalization _ LEsson1 Flashcards
Communicate and Trade
Trading of products from China to Eurasia.
Muslims v Christians
THE SILK ROAD: The Silk Roads to Globalization
- Luxury products from China started to appear on the other edge of the Eurasian Continent in Rome.
- Trade had stopped being local or regional affairs and started to become global.
1st Century BC - 5th Century AD
- The new religion spread in all directions from its Arabian heartland in the 7th century,
- By the early 9th century, Muslim traders already dominated Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade; afterwards, they could be found as far east as Indonesia, which over time became a Muslim-majority country, and as far west as Moorish Spain.
- In the 15th century, spices came to Europe via the Middle East land and sea routes, and spices were in huge demand both for food dishes and for use in medicines.
- Exchange of goods from culture to enter Asia.
Spice Routes (7th-15th centuries)
- It was in this era, from the end of the 15th century onwards, that European explorers connected East and West – and accidentally discovered the Americas.
- Aided by the discoveries of the so-called “Scientific Revolution” in the fields of astronomy, mechanics, physics and shipping, the Portuguese, Spanish and later the Dutch and the English first “discovered”, then subjugated, and finally integrated new lands in their economies.
- Potatoes, tomatoes, coffee and chocolate were introduced in Europe, and the price of spices fell steeply.
- Trade certainly started to become global, and it had even been the main reason for starting the Age of Discovery.
- Scientific Revolution → Natural Science → Environment
- Center of Scientific Revolution: Europe
Age of Discovery (15th-18th centuries)
- This started to change with the ___ , which roughly occurred over the century ending in 1914.
- By the end of the 18th century, Great Britain had started to dominate the world both geographically, through the establishment of the British m8, and technologically, with innovations like the steam engine, the industrial weaving machine and more. It was the era of the First Industrial Revolution.
- The “British” Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of global trade. On the one hand, steamships and trains could transport goods over thousands of miles, both within countries and across countries. On the other hand, its industrialization allowed Britain to make products that were in demand all over the world, like iron, textiles and manufactured goods.
First Wave of Globalization (19th century-1914)
-Britain was the country that benefited most from this globalization, as it had the most capital and technology, others did too, by exporting other goods.
- Industrial Revolution → Machinery → 1st: Steam → 2nd: Electricity → 3rd: Computing → 4th: Intelligence
Center of Industrial Revolution: Great Britain/British
- 1914 → Old version of Scientific Revolution and Industrial Revolution
- 1939 - 1949 → The World War II → New version of Scientific Revolution and Industrial Revolution
First Wave of Globalization (19th century-1914)
- In 1914, In 1914, the outbreak of World War I brought an end to just about everything the burgeoning high society of the West had gotten so used to, including globalization.
- Millions of soldiers died in battle, millions of civilians died as collateral damage, war replaced trade, destruction replaced construction, and countries closed their borders yet again.
- In the years between the world wars, the financial markets, which were still connected in a global web, caused a further breakdown of the global economy and its links.
The World Wars
- The end of World War II marked a new beginning for the global economy.
- Under the leadership of a new hegemon, the United States of America, and aided by the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution, like the car and the plane, global trade started to rise once again.
- In the early decades after World War II, institutions like the European Union, and other free trade vehicles championed by the US were responsible for much of the increase in international trade.
Second and Third Wave of Globalization
- In a world increasingly dominated by two global powers, the US and China, the new frontier of globalization is the cyber world.
- The digital economy, in its infancy during the third wave of globalization, is now becoming a force to reckon with through e-commerce, digital services, and 3D printing. It is further enabled by artificial intelligence, but threatened by cross-border hacking and cyberattacks.
- Process of the exchange of products, culture, politics, etc. across the world
- Free trade, Free Flow
- Import and Export
GLOBALIZATION 4.0
derived from the word ___ which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems.
GLOBALIZATION - is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investments and aided by information technology. (Levin Institute, 2016).
is the process by which ideas, knowledge, information, goods, and services spread around the world. In business, the term is used in an economic context to describe integrated economies marked by free trade, the free flow of capital among countries, and easy access to foreign resources, including labor markets, to maximize returns and benefit for the common good.
Globalization
- Economic
- Military
- Cultural
- Political
- Ecological
- Technological
- Geographical
(7) TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
It refers to the widespread international movements of goods, capital, services, technology, and information.
- Economic Globalization is one most often mentioned in the media.
- It is associated with massive amounts of finance traded daily on the different stock markets around the label “NEW ECONOMY”.
Economic Globalization primarily comprises the globalization of:
1. Production
2. Finance
3. Markets
4. Technology
5. Organizational
6. Regimes
7. Institutions
8. Corporations
9. Labour
EXPORTS:
- coconut oil export to Indonesia and India, United States and Europe.
- The nation’s Department of Trade and Industry has identified electronic products as one of the Philippine’s key export commodities.
- Mango exports to Japan, South Korea, Singapore. Dried mango to Hong Kong and Canada.
- Cacao seeds from Davao, exported to Singapore, London and U.S.
IMPORTS
- The main trade partners of the Philippines include China, Japan, the United States, Singapore and Hong Kong.
- refined petroleum import from the Russians and Saudi Arabian
Rice from Vietnam and Thailand
Philippines’ major exports and imports products.
- The International Monetary Fund (IMF) – would oversee the international monetary system;
- The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) later named WORLD BANK (WB) – would provide loans for European reconstruction but later expanded its activities to the developing world.
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (renamed, of the WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION in 1992) – would oversee multilateral trade agreements.
(3) Economic Institutions were created in order to monitor the economy
According to David Held, _____ is the process which embodies the growing extensity and intensity of military relations among the political units of the world system. Understood as such, it reflects both the expanding network of worldwide military ties and relations, as well as the impact of key military technological innovations (from steamships to satellites), which overtime, have reconstituted the world into a single geostrategic space.”
- While for Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, military globalization entails long-distance networks of interdependence in which force, and the threat or promise of force, are employed.
MILITARY GLOBALIZATION
- Refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, as a consequence, means nations adopt principles, beliefs, and costumes of other nations, losing their unique culture to a unique, globalized supra-culture;
- And is the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.
- Through globalization, cultures of a specific country can be shared or spread within the countries. The downside of this is some cultures that are exclusive to a certain country are slowly vanishing.
- Refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values across national borders.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
- Migration is an important aspect of cultural globalization. This process has been going on for several centuries, with languages, religious beliefs, and values being spread by military conquest, missionary work, and trade.
- Food is the most obvious example of cultural globalization. Food consumption is an important aspect of culture and most societies around the world have diets that are unique to them, however, the cultural globalization of food has been promoted by fast-food giants such as McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, and Starbucks.
- Sport is another fairly obvious example of cultural globalization. All the international sporting events - most notably the World Cup and The Olympics which bind millions together in a shared, truly global, ‘leisure experience’.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
- Ulrich Beck (1992) argues that a fundamental feature of globalization is the development of a global risk consciousness, which emerges due to shared global problems which threaten people in multiple countries.
Examples:
Threat of terrorism International nuclear war
The threat of global pandemics
The rise of organized crimes funded primarily through international drug trafficking
The threat of planetary melt-down due to global warming.
GLOBAL RISK CONSCIOUSNESS
- In his classic 1999 text, Runaway World, Anthony Giddens argues that one consequence of globalization is detraditionalization - where people question their traditional beliefs about religion, marriage, gender roles, and so on.
DETRADITIONALIZATION
