The structure and function of neurons Flashcards
What is a neuron?
A specialised nerve cell that communicate information through electrical and chemical symbols
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory, relay and motor
What is the role of the sensory neuron?
They carry messages from the peripheral NS (sensory organs) to the CNS.
Structure of the sensory neuron
Long dendrites, short axons
What is the function of the motor neuron?
Transmits signals from the CNS to effectors like muscles and glands
structure of a motor neuron
Short dendrites, long axons
What is the function of the relay neuron?
They connect sensory and motor neurons and process information
Structure of a relay neuron
Short dendrites and short axons. Typically lack a myelin sheath
What are neurotransmitters?
The brain chemicals released that relay signals across neurons via the synapse. These are excitatory or inhibitory
Excitation
This increases the positive charge of the postsynaptic neuron and therefore increases the chance of the electrical signal being passed on (depolarisation)
Inhibition
This increases the negative charge of the postsynaptic neuron and decreases the likelihood of it passing on the electrical impulse (hyperpolarisation)
