The Sow Flashcards
the time interval from weaning to service
Dry Period
signs of poor management practice
✓ low conception rate
✓ abortion
✓ small litter size at birth and weaning
✓ impaired reproduction
Signs of poor management practice can be minimized by;
✓ always keep the sow in good health and condition
✓ lactation period should only be 6 weeks to shorten dry period
✓ do not feed the sow on the day of weaning and reduce water intake
✓ expose weaned sows to the boar
✓ if sows do not come into heat within the days, hormonal injection could be given to induce heat
✓ old sows from 8 parity and above tend longer dry periods
✓ keep sows as cool as possible
✓ check dry for heat occurrence twice a day
✓ observe the right time of breeding
✓ breed only good sows. cull bad sows immediately
time during which the sow will accept the boar
1-5 days (with an average of 2-3 days)
if not bred., when will be the cycle repeat?
16-25 days (with an average of 21 days)
it is believed that ovulation takes place in how many hours after the onset of estrus?
40 hours
in how many hours the sperm cell lives in the reproductive tract of female?
28-48 hours
suggested feeding scheme for dry sows
Hog Breeder
Advantages of early pregnancy detection
✓ it makes possible to cull
✓ allows closer grouping of a number of sows
✓ gives early warning for breeding troubles
✓ enables the producer to make adequately for farrowing, nursing and finishing
in this stage that conception and early development of the embryo takes place, we should avoid?
avoid stress, rough handling, fighting and other disturbances
Avoid stress, rough handling, fighting and other disturbances especially in the?
1st 3-4 weeks of pregnancy
For the sow to be relaxed and to adjust to the environment, move her from?
gestating pen to farrowing pen
Signs of Farrowing
✓ nest making, nudging and biting of hurdles
✓ dog sitting position
✓ enlargement of udder of the sow
✓ enlargement and swelling of the vulva
✓ frequent urination
✓ milk let down
✓ mucous discharge with meconium
✓ signs of labor
suckling period could be from?
28 days to 42 days
is very critical and demanding at farrowing time.
management
Farrowing may take as how many hours?
1hr or may last for several hours
(39 min to 6 hours with an average of 2.5 hours)
interval between piglets not be longer than?
15 mins
assistance to sows should be given if the following is observed;
✓ restlessness
✓ excessive straining
✓ piglet interval is 45 minutes
Farrowing problems are usually observed in?
older, overweight and nervous sows
reasons why piglets are slow to be born;
✓ large piglet is struck in the birth canal
✓ piglets coming out at the same time
✓ exhausted sow for farrowing quite sometimes
✓ farrowing house is to warm
used to detect piglets that died from stillbirth as compared to suffocation or any other cause of death.
lung floatation method
causes of piglets that died from stillbirth
✓ increased farrowing time
✓ warm farrowing room
✓ piglets born towards the end of farrowing
drug to induce farrowing
prostaglandin
one of the most abrupt & major changes for many animals
Birth
Piglets Care and Management
✓ Navel Cord Care
✓ Teeth Clipping & Tail Docking
✓ Brooder
✓ Ear Notching
✓ Colostrum
✓ Fostering
✓ Splaylegs
is practiced to minimize tail biting problems during weaning and fattening stages
tail docking
this should be done immediately to avoid damage to the udder the sow and to prevent fighting wounds among piglets
teeth clipping and tail docking
the ideal brooding temperature
30-32 C or a two 75 watt or three 59-watt electric bulb
it done to identify the animals
Earnotching
some tips in tail docking
✓ use side cutter
✓ dock tails soon after birth
✓ do not clip the tail too short
✓ clean cutters thoroughly
all of the newborn piglets immunity comes from the sow after birth. the ability to passively absorbed the immunoglobulin intact, without indigestion is lost after 36 hrs. of birth
passive immunity
is an important mineral necessary for the formation of hemoglobin (carrier of oxygen) in the RBC and prevents nutritional anemia.
Iron (Fe)
preferred route of administration.
injection
the concentration of iron
100 or 200 mg iron per ml
signs of iron deficiency/nutritional anemia;
✓ loss of appetite
✓ emaciation
✓ restlessness
✓ poor hair & skin condition
✓ slow growth
✓ paleness
✓ hard breathing
piglets may suffer from iron toxicity with dose of 600 mg/kg body weight in 3 to 10-day-old piglets
signs of iron toxicity
✓ depressed fed intake and rate of gain
✓ rickets and death
removal of the testicles is a simple operation
castration
the best time to castrate the animals
1 to 2 weeks of age
which slow growth and systemic infection like tetanus and lockjaw
castration abscesses
TRUE OR FALSE!
Bathing after castration is recommended
FALSE. not recommended
the inguinal ring is damaged due to excessive pulling of the spermatic cord when the testicle is forced out
post castration hernia
due to prolonged handling and restraint. it should be performed quickly
hemorrhage
Advantages in Castration
✓ it reduces if not eliminate the obnoxious boar odor
✓ it avoids accidental breeding
✓ castrates are easier to handle because they are docile
Disadvantages of Castration
✓ castrates on restricted ration grow slower
✓ boars have better slaughter quality
✓ stress & shower growth after castration
✓ time consuming and rough job
are not recommended for lactating sows
roughage and voluminous feeds
average milk production of sows per day
7.5-9.5 litter
peak production of milk occurs between the?
3rd and 4th week. then it declines
points of interest if the sow cannot consume the ration given;
✓ wet feeding result to higher consumption than dry feeding
✓ pellets are better than mash or meal
✓ feed the sow many times a day in divided ration or adlib
✓ high temperature in the pen results to less feed intake
weight of 28 days old piglet
7.5 kgs
duration between weaning and post weaning heat
4-7 days
pigs less than 7 days old utilize only
glucose and lactose
piglets that 7-10 days old utilize?
fructose and sucrose
feeding fructose and sucrose to piglets less than 7 days old results to?
✓ severe diarrhea
✓ weight loss
✓ high mortality
what should we feed 2 week old and older pigs?
starch and cereal
piglets can be given __________ as early as 7 days old
21-24% CP
should be offered in small quantities several times daily to make sure that the feeds remain fresh
pre-starter diets
due to to disease in young pigs are constant risk maintaining herd health to assure profitability
economic and death losses
play a significant role in a disease prevention
animal husbandry practices, building design and nutrition
a combination of proper use ___________ that reduce disease spread will lead to both profitable pork production for producer and safe meat nutrient for consumers
✓ antibacterial for treatment
✓ vaccines for prevention
✓ improved husbandry program
common post- farrowing problems
✓ MMA syndrome
✓ Post- farrowing paralysis
✓ Retained placenta
✓ Vagina/uterine prolapse
✓ dystocia
diarrhea in piglets
✓ Escherichia coli
✓ TGE virus
described as the period on the day of weaning until the day they are transferred to the fattening unit
rearing period
rearing period takes ___________ or when the pigs are around ___________.
30 days or 15-20 kgs live weight
piglets are commonly weaned at the age of?
4-5 weeks or 28-35 days
Note!
commonly suggested that piglets be weaned by weight not by date
a stronger, heavier piglet has;
✓ better immunity levels
✓ a mature digestive system
✓ more ability to withstand pen temperature
Sanitation
✓ manure is scraped
✓ pen is washed with water
✓ feeders are cleaned and disinfected
✓ heat lamps are checked
each weaner pig requires ________ for raised deck are ________.
0.23 square meter
0.33 square meter for concrete floor
mount the nipple drinker ___________ so that they have to raise their heads when the drink.
5 cm above the pigs shoulders
If you are running a fattener operation, stress is common to newly purchased pigs such as;
✓ fatigue
✓ hunger
✓ thirst
✓ temperature changes
✓ ration changes
✓ fighting
✓ diseases
one of the most stressful periods in the life of young pigs
weaning
diarrhea of weaners
✓ non-infected diarrhea/post weaning diarrhea
✓ edema disease/gut edema
non-infected diarrhea/post weaning diarrhea
✓ environment
✓ social stress
✓ nutrition
arthritis
✓ streptococcal arthritis
✓ mycoplasma arthritis
