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Level 2 Anatomy And Physiology > The Skeleton > Flashcards

The Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

Create stability
Attach bones to other bones

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2
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Attach bones to muscles

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3
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Dense fibrous tissue

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4
Q

What is cartilage useful for/what does it do?

A

Withstands compression forces
Absorbs shock
Reduces friction at joints
(Often covers the end of bones)

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5
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A

Attachment and movement
Shape
Storage
Protection
Production

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6
Q

Describe how attachment and movement works with the skeleton

A

Muscles attach to bones, via the tendons, and pull on them to create movement & act as levers for locomotion

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7
Q

Describe how storage works with the skeleton

A

Stores vital minerals such as calcium and phosphorus which support growth and development

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8
Q

Describe how the skeleton “protects”

A

The skeleton protects vital organs such as the skull protecting the brain, the ribcage protecting the heart and lungs

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9
Q

Describe the production aspect of the skeleton

A

Red marrow within some bones is where red and white blood cells are produced from

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10
Q

Name the three bones that make up the hip complex

A

Ilium (hip bone)
Pubis (pubic bone)
Ischium (itchy bum bone)

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11
Q

What are the two categories of the skeleton?

A

Axial
Appendicular

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12
Q

Which part of the body is the axial skeleton?

A

The central column
It has 80 bones
Lies on the midline
Includes the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

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13
Q

Which part of the body make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

The limbs
126 bones
Includes bones of the shoulder girdle inc arms and hands, and of the pelvic girdle, legs and feet.

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14
Q

How many vertebrae make up the spine?

A

33

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15
Q

Name the 5 sections of the spine, top to bottom

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

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16
Q

Name the sections of the spine with semi moveable joints

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

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17
Q

Name the sections of the spine with fused, immovable joints

A

Sacral
Coccygeal

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18
Q

What does the spine hold/protect?

A

The spinal chord

19
Q

How many vertebrae make up the cervical spine?

A

7

20
Q

What is the name of the very top vertebrae of the cervical spine?

A

Atlas

21
Q

How many vertebrae make up the thoracic spine?

A

12

22
Q

How many vertebrae make up the lumbar spine?

A

5

23
Q

How many vertebrae make up the sacral spine?

A

5 (fused vertebrae)

24
Q

How many vertebrae make up the coccygeal spine?

A

4 (fused)

25
Q

Which part of the spine supports the most bodyweight?

A

The lumbar spine

26
Q

Name the types of movement possible with the spine

A

Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation

27
Q

Which part of the spine has the most movement?

A

The top

28
Q

Name the parts of the spine with a forward curve

A

Cervical
Lumbar

29
Q

Name the parts of the spine with a backwards curve

A

Thoracic
Sacral

30
Q

What is the purpose of having a curved spine?

A

To centre the head above the body and make walking and maintaining an upright position easy

31
Q

Name the marker points of optimal posture, which you could draw a line through

A

Axis of the shoulder
Greater trochanter
Slightly anterior to the knee
Slightly anterior to the lateral malleolus

32
Q

What is the greater trochanter

A

Top of the thigh (femur) and is the most prominent and widest part of the hip

33
Q

What is the lateral malleolus?

A

The prominent bone on the outer side of the ankle at the end of the fibula.

34
Q

What is the definition of hyperlordosis?

A

Extreme curvature of the lumbar spine

35
Q

What are the muscular characteristics of hyperlordosis?

A

-Tight lower back muscles
-Weak core muscles at the front (six-pack)

36
Q

What issues would hyperlordosis cause? (Pelvic tilt angle, muscles, spinal curve)

A

Anterior pelvic tilt
Lengthened rectus abdominis
Gluteus maximus is weak or inactive
Tight hamstrings
Short hip flexor
Increased lumbar curve
Short erector spinae

37
Q

How would you support hyperlordosis?

A

Increasing mobility and flexibility within back muscles and increasing front core muscles

38
Q

What is hyperkyphosis?

A

Extreme curvature of the cervical and thoracic spine

39
Q

What are the muscular characteristics of hyperkyphosis?

A

Tight chest muscles
Weak upper back muscles

40
Q

What are the possible lifestyle related reasons for hyperkyphosis?

A

Forward rounding of the shoulders could be caused by an accumulation of desk based work, driving, mobiles, computer games

41
Q

How does hyperkyphosis present?

A
  • head forward, rounded forward shoulders
  • short and overactive upper trapezius
  • lengthened and incactive lower and mid trapezius, and rhomboids
  • posterior deltoid lengthened
42
Q

How would you support someone with hyperkyphosis?

A

Increase mobility within the tight chest and upper trapezius muscles. Strengthen the lower back including lower & mid trapezius and rhomboids

43
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

An excessive lateral S bend of the spine.
Requires medical support

Level 2 Anatomy And Physiology (1 decks)

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