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Comparative Anatomy > The Skeletal System I > Flashcards

The Skeletal System I Flashcards

1
Q

What are nearly all bone and cartilage derived from?

A

From mesoderm

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2
Q

Mesenchyme is

A

Loosely aggregated network of unspecialized cells and when influenced by inductor substance it differentiates into specialized cells

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3
Q

The skeleton is composed of?

A

mineralized connective tissue and of ligaments and tendons

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4
Q

What are the three categories of mesenchyme?

A
  1. Fibroblast - Collagen
  2. Myoblast - Muscles
  3. Scleroblasts
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5
Q

What is the break down of Scleroblast

A
  1. Osteoblast (bone)
  2. Chondroblasts (Cartliage)
  3. Odontoblast (Dentine)
  4. Enamel
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6
Q

Define bone

A

Bone consists of matrix fibres impregnated with Hydroxyapetite crystals

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7
Q

What are Osteoblast?

A

Osteoblast lay down material (Calcium Phosphate) around them

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8
Q

What are Osteocytes

A

Become trapped in a fluid-filled chamber (Lacuna)

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9
Q

What is the gross structure of long bone?

A

Spongy Bone
Marrow Cavity
Compact Bone
(Know where these structures are on the long bone)

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10
Q

What are the two kinds of bone?

A

Compact

Spongy

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11
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Series of lamellae that radiate out from a central Haversian Canal
- Look at the diagram provided and learn the three labels)

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12
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone.

  • Trabeculae
  • Irregular arrangement of lacunae
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13
Q

What are the two different ways in which ossification occurs?

A
  1. Membrane (intramembranous) bone

2. Endochondral (replacement) bone

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14
Q

Membrane (intramembranous) bone

A

Bone arises directly from mesenchyme without cartilaginous precursor

  • initially, mesenchyme compacted into sheets or membranes
  • some mesenchyme cells
    differentiated into osteoblasts (secrete hydroxyapetite)
  • Growth proceeds by application of successive layers
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15
Q

Memebrane bone formationn

A
  • Refer to diagrams on handout
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16
Q

What are the three kinds of membrane bone

A
  1. Dermal
  2. Sesam
  3. Periosteal
17
Q

What is dermal bone (membrane bone)

A

It arises from the dermis

- some bones of the skull, pectoral girdle and integument

18
Q

What is Sesam Bone (membrane bone)

A

Forms directly within tendons (e.g patella, kneecap)

19
Q

What is Periosteal Bone (membrane bone)

A

Outer layer of long bones

20
Q

What is Endochondral (replacement) bone

A
  • more complex as it involves replacement of embryonic cartilage with adult bone
21
Q

What are the steps of Endochondral (replacement) bone

A

Step 1: loose collections of
mesenchymal cells condense to form hyaline cartilage model surrounded by perichondrium

Step 2: cells on inner surface of diaphyseal perichondrium
become osteoblasts - deposit bone collar (periosteum)

Step 3: chondrocytes in centre of model
hypertrophy (enlarge), release calcified cartilage, then die

Step 4: vascular system invades calcified cartilage and calcified cartilage resorbed

Step 5: osteoblasts delivered to the core of the bone and primary centres of established ossification
- Activation centre of cartilage growth, calcification, cartilage removal and bone deposition

Step 5: collar thickens, osteoclasts create central cavity

22
Q

What are the 5 zones of Endochondral (replacement) bone

A
  • Resting Zone
  • Proliferative Zone
  • Maturation zone
  • Hypertrophic zone
  • Ossification zone
  • Understand where this zones are in a diagram *
23
Q

Where do Dentine and Acellular Bone form

A

Forms only in the outermost regions of the dermis (just below the epidermis)

24
Q

What is the difference between Acellular bone and dentine?

A
  • Dentine do leave behind canaliculi where as acellular do not
25
Q

Odontoblasts

A 
- osteoblasts retreat after
depositing hydroxyapetite
- not trapped in lacunae 
- do leave behind canaliculi
       - dentinal tubules

Ganoid scales, Placoid Scales and teeth (Dentine)

Teleost scales (ctenoid and cycloid) and cementum of teeth (Acellular)

26
Q

Cartilage

A

Can either be similar to bine or different from bone

27
Q

If the cartilage is similar to bone

A

Forms within a matrix of collagen fibers

Cells chondrocytes lie within lacunae

28
Q

If cartilage is different from bone

A

chondromucin (a mucopolysaccharide)
instead of hydroxyapetite

no canaliculi

no blood vessels within tissue
(receive nutrients through diffusion)

29
Q

Overview of Cartilage

A
  • refer to the diagram
30
Q

What are the three main kinds of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyalin
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic
31
Q

Define Hyalin (Cartilage)

A
  • Precursor to endochondral bone
  • Some remains as cartilage throughout life

(tips of long bones, ribs, trachea, parts of skull)

32
Q

Define Fibrocartilage

A
  • Characterized by greater amount of collagen (in matrices between lacunae

vertebral disks

33
Q

Define Elastic (Cartilage)

A

elastic fibers (in addition to collagen) make it very flexible

Pinna of ear, Epiglottis

34
Q

What are tendons, ligaments and Fascia

A
  • all consist of tightly packed, parallel bundles of collagen fibers
35
Q

What to tendons attach

A

Muscle to bone

36
Q

What do tendons function as?

A

More then simple transmit forces, they also act as springs

An example of this is the Achilles tendon, stretched when the ankle joint dorsiflexes and stores energy, as the foot lifts off the ground, energy is released

37
Q

What do ligaments attach ?

A

Bone to bone

38
Q

What does fascia attach?

A

Muscle to muscle and can also surrounds muscle bones, nerves and blood vessels
* refer to the diagram on the

39
Q

Why do damage to tendons, ligaments and fascia take a long time to heal?

A

inflammation - repair - remodelling

There is minimal vascularization, typically cross-linking between collagen bundles and reduces the ability to stretch

Comparative Anatomy (5 decks)

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