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The Skeletal System > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

*The skeletal system consists of:

A
  1. Bones
  2. Joints
  3. Cartilage
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2
Q

*Functions for the body:

A
  1. Support and shape
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral reservoir
  5. Blood cell formation
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3
Q

Support and shape:

A

Supporting framework for body

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4
Q

Protection:

A

E.g. skull protects the brain,

Rib cage protects heart and lungs

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5
Q

Movement:

A

Bones and joints constitute levers. Muscles are anchored firmly to bones as muscles contract and shorten; they pull on bones, producing movement at a joint.

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6
Q

Mineral reservoir:

A

Bones store calcium, phosphorus and certain other minerals.

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7
Q

*Blood cell formation:

A

Vital process carried by red bone marrow

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8
Q

*As an infant gets older, what does red bone marrow turn into?

A

Yellow marrow, which is inactive fatty tissue

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9
Q

*Main adult red bone marrow sources:

A 
Sternum 
Spinal Column
Base of skull
Upper arm 
And thigh
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10
Q

*We can’t survive without red bone marrow because?

A

It forms blood cells

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11
Q

*Types of bones:

A 
Long bones (leg, arm)
Short bones (wrist, ankle)
Flat bones (ribs, skull)
Irregular bones (face bones, ear bones, spine or vertebrae)
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12
Q

Structure of a long bone:

Diaphysis

A
  • main shaft like portion

Composed of thick compact bone

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13
Q

*Structure of long bone:

Epiphyses

A
  • both ends of a long bone
  • Yellow marrow fills spaces of spongy bone in most adult epiphyse; but not in proximal epiphyses and femur. These contain red bone marrow
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14
Q

Structure of long bone:

Articulate cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage (glassy, translucent) that covers joint surfaces of epiphysis.

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15
Q

*Structure of long bones:

Periosteum

A
  • dense white fibrous membrane that covers bone, except at joint surfaces
  • bone forming cells called OSTEOBLASTS, compose inner layer of PERIOSTEUM
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16
Q

*Osteoblasts are essential for:

A

Bone cell survival and bone formation

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17
Q

*Structure of long bones:

Medullary (or bone marrow) cavity

A
  • tube like hollow in diaphysis of long bone

- in adult it contains yellow marrow

18
Q

Structure of long bone:

Endosteum

A

-membrane that lines medullary cavity of long bones

19
Q

Structure of long bones:

Compact bone

A
  • hard and dense

- makes up main shaft of the long bone and the outer layer of other bones

20
Q

*Short, flat, irregular bones:

A

[Red bone marrow] fill spaces in spongy bone inside a few irregular and flat bone (e.g vertebrae)
The other irregular, short and flat bones contain [yellow bone marrow]

21
Q

*Microscopic structure of bone:

A
  • bone consists of living and non living intercellular substance
  • intercellular material (called matrix of bone) is more abundant than bone cells and it contains fibres of collagen
22
Q

*Bone differs from other connective tissue in that..

A

It is ridged, not soft and flexible; it is calcified (it has calcium in it)

23
Q

*Human skeleton consists of 2 main divisions:

A
  1. Axial skeleton (74 bones)

2. Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

24
Q

*Axial skeleton:

Skull

A 
28 irregular shaped bones form the skull
Consists of 2 divisions:
1. Cranium (8 bones) 
2. Face (14 bones)
3. Ear (6 bones)
25
Q

*Spinal column (5):

A

(7) cervical vertebrae
(12) thoracic vertebrae
(5) lumbar vertebrae
(1) sacrum
(1) coccyx

26
Q

*Sternum:

A
  • breast bone: dagger shaped bone
  • red marrow can be drawn up in a syringe by inserting needle through skin and bone; examined for abnormal or normal cells
27
Q

*Ribs:

A

12 pairs of ribs

28
Q

Skeletal differences in men and women:

A

Male skeleton generally larger and heavier

29
Q

*Age changes:

A
  • As bones mature, they lose calcium
  • In most women, calcium loss from bone diseases develops after 40 y/o
  • femur especially vulnerable
  • if we live long enough, most of us will develop bone disease osteoporosis
  • generalized decrease in organic matrix
  • thinning of intervertebral disks
30
Q

**Bone growth and resorption:

A

A

Growth in length by continual thickening of epiphyseal (articular) cartilage followed by ossification (replacement of cartilage by bone)

31
Q

**Bone growth and resorption:

B

A

Growth in diameter- medullary cavity enlarged by osteoclasts destroying bone around it, while new bone is added around outside by osteoblasts (build)

32
Q

**Bone growth and resorption:

C

A

Opposing processes of bone tissue formation and destruction (resorption) go on concurrently through life.

  1. (infancy to adolescence) bone formation exceeds resorption
  2. (young adulthood) resorption balance each other
  3. (after young adulthood) 35-40 bone resorption, than formed; become weaker and fracture easily
33
Q

*Osteocytes:

A

Mature bone cells

34
Q

**Factors that affect the development of bones include:

A
  1. Genetic factors: length thickness of a bones are inherited
  2. Nutrition: A balanced diet high in vitamin D and minerals such as calcium maintains a healthy bone development.
  3. Hormones: affect the growth and development of bones hormones are chemical/messengers, which are sent via the blood supply to the bones. They are responsible for informing the bones about when to stop growing etc.
35
Q

*Cartilage:

A
  • both resembles and differ from bone
  • flexible of a firm plastic material
  • cartilage has no blood vessels
36
Q

Response to stress:

A
  • walking, jogging, and other forms of exercise subject bones to stress
  • they respond by laying down more collagen fiber, and mineral salts (e.g. calcium) in bone matrix
37
Q

*Skeletal system:

Articulations (joints)

A

Articulations in the body or joints between bones.
Their purpose:
•holds bones bound to one another or spine
•Permit movement between them

38
Q

**Hyoid bone:

A
  • Only free floating bone in the body
  • Helps with tongue movement
  • Helps with swallowing
39
Q

**Long bone:

Diagram

A

Left side:
proximal epiphysis (top)
Diaphysis (middle)

Right side: 
Endosteum 
Compact bone 
Medullary cavity
Periosteum 
Artery 
Distal epiphysis (bottom)
40
Q

Collagen:

A

A fibrous protein that gives strength and resilience to tissue and bone matrix

The Skeletal System (1 decks)

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