The Skeletal System Flashcards
List the functions of bone.
Structural support Protection of internal organs Leverage for movement Stores calcium Produces blood cells
Distinguish between bone and bone tissue.
Bone tissue is the major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body
Bones are organs made up of bone tissue, bone marrow, blood vessels, epithelium and nerves
Describe the histological arrangement of compact and of cancellous (spongey) bone.
Compact bone is structured to resist stresses. The basic functional unit is the oestrogen or haversian system.
Cancellous bone is less heavy than compact bone. Trabeculae of cancellous bone arranged haphazardly. Spaces between the traheculae contain bone marrow.
Distinguish between intramembranous and endochondral bone growth.
INTRAMEMBRANOUS - mesencymel cells secrete organic component of the bone (osteoid). Deputisation of calcium salts leads to calcification. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. Blood vessels grow into area to supply nutrients and oxygen. Initially only cancellous bone but remodelling occurs and compact bone develops.
ENDOCHONDRAL - Cartilage model laid down. Outer cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce a thin outer collar of bone. Blood supply develops. Cells in diaphysis differentiate into osteoblasts - primary ossification centre. Osteoblasts erode centre of diaphysis (bone marrow cavity). Secondary ossification centres develop in the epiphyses and epiphyseal cartilage replaced by bone. Thin plate of cartilage remains - epiphyseal plate
Summarise the stages of bone healing.
- Haemotoma formation
- Area invaded by capillaries, fibrinoblasts, macrophages, osteoclasts and osteogenic cells. Soft callus forms
- Soft callus hardened by mineral deputisation -> bony callus
- Remodelling of osteoclasts
Classify bones according to shape and name an example of each.
Long bones - Longer than wide. Act as levers e.g femur
Short bones - Nearly equal in length and width. Glide e.g carpals
Flat bones - Protect organs and serve for muscle attatchmemt e.g sternum
Irregular bones - Serve for muscle attachment e.g vertebrae, skull
Draw a labelled diagram of a long bone.
.
Distinguish between the appendicular and axial skeletons and name the parts of each.
AXIAL - Central skeleton (80 bones)
APPENDICULAR - Limbs (126 bones)
Name and identify the bones of the skeleton.
.
Describe how osteoporosis affects bone.
Causes thinning and weakening of the bone meaning that it easily fractures. Occurs often in older generation particularly post-menopausal women
Categorise joints according to structure and name an example of each.
CARTILAGINOUS - Bones held together by cartilage e.g vertebrae
FIBROUS - Bones held together by cartilaginous fibres e.g skull
SYNOVIAL - Bones separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in a fibrous capsule e.g hip
Categorise joints according to function and name an example of each.
SYNARTHROSIS - Little or no movement
AMPHIARTHROSIS - Slightly moveable e.g intervertebral discs
DIATROSES - freely moveable e.g hip
Describe the arrangement of a typical synovial joint.
Features of a synovial joint: Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Classify synovial joints according to structure and name an example of each.
BALL AND SOCKET - hip and shoulder HINGE - elbow GLIDING - sternoclavicular PIVOT - atlantoaxial (base of head) ELLIPSOID - radiocarpal SADDLE - thumb
List the range of movements that occur at each type of synovial joint.
BALL AND SOCKET - Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumlocution and rotation
HINGE - Flexion and extension
GLIDING - Sliding
PIVOT - Rotation
ELLIPSOID - Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
SADDLE -Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
