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Medical Terminology > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Bones

A

Act as the framework for the body, protect the internal organs, and store calcium

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2
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Red bone marrow helps form red blood cells. Yellow bone marry stores fat.

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3
Q

Cartilage

A

Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones

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4
Q

Joints

A

Work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible

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5
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect one bone to another

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6
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid

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7
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible

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8
Q

Bursa

A

Cushions areas subject to friction during movement

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9
Q

Ankyl/o

A

Crooked, bent, stiff

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10
Q

Arthr/o

A

Joint

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11
Q

Burs/o

A

Bursa

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12
Q

Chondr/i, chondr/o

A

Cartilage

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13
Q

Cost/o

A

Rib

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14
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

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15
Q

-desis

A

To bind or tie together

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16
Q

Kyph/o

A

Bent or hump

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17
Q

Lord/o

A

Curve, swayback bent

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18
Q

-lysis

A

Setting free or loosening

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19
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow, spinal cord

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20
Q

Oss/e, Oss/i, Ost/o, Oste/o

A

Bone

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21
Q

Scoli/o

A

Curved, bent

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22
Q

Spondyl/o

A

Vertebrae, vertebral columb, backbone

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23
Q

Synovi/o, Synov/o

A

Synolvial memberane, synolival fluid

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24
Q

Acetabulum

A

The large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint; commonly known as the hip socket

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25
Q

Allogenic

A

Originating within another

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26
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

A form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

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27
Q

Arthrodesis

A

The surgical fusion of the bones to stiffen a joint

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28
Q

Arthrolysis

A

The surgical loosening of an akylosed joint

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29
Q

Arthroscopy

A

The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

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30
Q

Autologous

A

Originating within the individual

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31
Q

Avascular necrosis

A

An area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow

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32
Q

Chondromalacia

A

The abnormal softening of cartilage

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33
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

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34
Q

Compression fracture

A

Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

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35
Q

Costochondritis

A

An inflammation of the cartilage thaf connects a rib to the sternum

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36
Q

Craniostenosis

A

A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

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37
Q

Crepitation

A

The grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

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38
Q

Dual x-ray absoptiometry

A

A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips that measures bone density

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39
Q

Gout

A

A type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints

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40
Q

Hallux valgus

A

An abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe; also knkwn as a bunion

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41
Q

Hemarthrosis

A

Blood within a joint

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42
Q

Hemopoietic

A

Pertaining to the formation of blood cells

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43
Q

Internal fixation

A

A fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place

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44
Q

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

An autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue

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45
Q

Kyphosis

A

An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side; also known as humpback or dowager’s hump

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46
Q

Laminectomy

A

The surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra

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47
Q

Lordodis

A

An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also known as swayback

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48
Q

Lumbargo

A

Pain in the lumbar region of the spine; also known as low back pain

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49
Q

Malleolus

A

The rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

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50
Q

Manubrium

A

The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

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51
Q

Metacarpals

A

The five bones that form the palms of the hand

52
Q

Metatarsals

A

The bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes attach

53
Q

Myeloma

A

A type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow

54
Q

Open fracture

A

A break in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin; also known as a compound fracture

55
Q

Orthopedic surgeon

A

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles; also known as an orthopedist

56
Q

Orthotic

A

A mechanical appliance such as a leg brace or splint that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for the impaired limb function

57
Q

Osteitis

A

Inflammation of a bone

58
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

The type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging; also known as wear-and-tear arthritis

59
Q

Osteochondroma

A

A benign bony projection covered with cartilage

60
Q

Osteoasis

A

The surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

61
Q

Oseteomalacia

A

Abnormal softening of bones in adults

62
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

63
Q

Osteopenia

A

Thinner than average bone density

64
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A marked loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity frequently associated with aging

65
Q

Osteoporotic hip fracture

A

A broken bone usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as a result of a fall

66
Q

Osteorrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing or wiring together of bones

67
Q

Paget’s disease

A

A disease of unknown origin that is characterized by extensive breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation

68
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

When a bone breaks under normal strain because the bone has been weakened by osteoporosis or by a disease process such as cancer

69
Q

Percutaneous vertebroplasty

A

A minimally invasive procedure performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures of the bone

70
Q

Periostitis

A

An inflammation of the periosteum

71
Q

Podiatrist

A

A specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

72
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

An inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by the pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

73
Q

Prosthesis

A

A substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated

74
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of the body systems are attacked

75
Q

Rickets

A

A deficiency disease occuring in children characterized by defective bone growth and caused by a lack of vitamin D

76
Q

Scoliosis

A

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

77
Q

Spina bifida

A

A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

78
Q

Spiral fracture

A

A fracture in which the bone has twisted apart

79
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

80
Q

Spondylosis

A

A degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function; also known as spinal osteoarthritis

81
Q

Subluxation

A

The partial displacement of a bone from its joint

82
Q

Synovectomy

A

The surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint

83
Q

Verebrae

A

The bony structural units of the spinal column

84
Q

Periosteum

A

The tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

85
Q

Compact bone (cortial bone)

A

The dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. When measured by weight, compact bone accounts for more than 75% of the body’s bone matter

86
Q

Spongy bone (cancellous bone)

A

Is porous (sponge-like), which makes it lighter and weaker than the compact bone. Red bone marrow is often located in spongy bone

87
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone. It is here that red and yellow bone marrow are stored.

88
Q

Endosteum

A

The tissue that lines the medullary cavity

89
Q

Hemopoietic / hematopoietic

A

Means pertaining to the formation of blood cells

90
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone

91
Q

Epiphyses

A

The wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs. Each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage to protecr it.

92
Q

Proximal epiphysis

A

The end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

93
Q

Distal epiphydud

A

The end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body

94
Q

Foramen

A

An opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass pass

95
Q

Process

A

A normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon.

96
Q

Joints (articulations)

A

The place of union between two or more bones. Joints are classified either according to their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow

97
Q

Fibrous Joint (sutures)

A

Consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. In adults theh do not allow any movement. In newborns and very young children some fibrous joints are movable before theh solidify

98
Q

Fontanelles

A

Soft spots, facilitate the passage through the birth canal and allow for the growth of the skull during the first year. It gradually hardens

99
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage.

100
Q

Synovial joint

A

Created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

101
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions.

102
Q

Hinge joints

A

Such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane

103
Q

Synovial capsule

A

The outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

104
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

105
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible

106
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage. Complex hinge joints, such as the knee

107
Q

How many bones are typically in an adult human skeleton?

A

206

108
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Protects the major argans of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

109
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Makes movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

110
Q

Upper extremities

A

Shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands

111
Q

Lower extremities

A

Hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet

112
Q

Appendage

A

Anything that is attached to a major part of the body

113
Q

Extremity

A

Ths terminal end of a body part su h as an arm or leg

114
Q

The 14 bones of the cranium

A

Frontal bone
Parietal bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
External auditorium meatus
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone

115
Q

Cranium

A

The portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

116
Q

Frontal bone

A

The anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead. This bone houses the frontsl sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, the nose and part of the socket that protects the eye ball

117
Q

Patietal bones

A

Two of the largest bones of the skull. Together they form most of the roof abd upper sides of the cranium

118
Q

Occipital bone

A

Forms the back part of the skull Nd the base of the cranium

119
Q

The two temporal bones

A

Form the sides and base of the cranium

120
Q

External auditory meatus

A

The opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. This canal is located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull.

121
Q

Meatus

A

The external opening of a canal

122
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

An irregular, wedge shaped bone of the skull. This bone makes contact with all of the other cranial bones and helps form the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors and sides of the eye socket

123
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

The three tiny bones located in each middle ear. Known as the malleus, incus, and stapes

124
Q

How many bones is the face made up of?

A

14

125
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

The rib cage, protects the heart and lungs. It consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms

126
Q

Ribs known as costals

A

Attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

Medical Terminology (4 decks)

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