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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM > THE SKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON

A

-PRODUCES BLOOD CELLS
-PROVIDES PROTECTION FOR ORGANS
-HELPS US TO BREATHE
-MINERAL STORAGE
-ALLOWS MOVEMENT

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2
Q

BONE SHAPES

A

-LONG BONES
-SHORT BONES
-FLAT BONES
-IRREGULAR BONES

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3
Q

WHERE ARE LONG BONES FOUND?

A

ARMS AND LEGS (FEMUR IS THE LONGEST AND STRONGEST BONE IN THE BODY)

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4
Q

WHERE ARE SHORT BONES FOUND?

A

WRISTS AND ANKLES

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5
Q

WHERE ARE FLAT BONES FOUND?

A

SKULL, RIBS, AND BREASTBONE (STERNUM)

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6
Q

WHAT ARE SHAPES OF FLAT BONES?

A

-THINNER BONES
-FLAT OR CURVED
-PLATELIKE

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7
Q

IRREGULAR BONES

A

ODD SHAPED BONES NEEDED TO CONNECT TO OTHER BONES
EX: HIP BONES AND VERTEBRAE

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8
Q

PERIOSTEUM

A

TOUGH AND FIBROUS SONNECTIVE TISSUE, CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS, WHICH TRANSPORT BLOOD AND NUTRIENTS INTO THE BONE TO NURTURE THE BONE CELLS

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9
Q

EPIPHYSIS

A

EACH END OF BONE

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10
Q

DIAPHYSIS

A

REGION BETWEEN OR “RUNNING THROUGH” THE TWO ENDS OR SHAFT.

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11
Q

MEDULLARY CAVITY OR MEDULLARY CANAL

A

STORAGE ARE FOR BONE MARROW

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12
Q

TWO KINDS OF BONE MARROW

A

RED AND YELLOW

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13
Q

ERYTHROPOIESIS

A

THE PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS

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14
Q

TWO TYPES OF BONE TISSUE

A

COMPACT AND SPONGY

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15
Q

COMPACT BONE

A

DENSE AND HARD TISSUE FORMS THE SHAFTS OF LONG BONES AND THE OUTER LAYER OF THE BONES

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16
Q

OSTEONS OR HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS

A

MICROSCOPIC CYLINDRICAL-SHAPED UNITS

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17
Q

OSTEOCYTES

A

MATURE BONES CELLS

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18
Q

SPONGY OR CANCELLOUS BONE

A

HAS BARS AND PLATES (TRABECULAE). IRREGULAR HOLES BETWEEN THE TRABECULAE GIVE THE BONE A SPONGY APPEARANCE AND IS LINED WITH ENDOSTEUM.

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19
Q

ENDOSTEUM

A

A TISSUE SIMILAR TO PEROSTEUM

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20
Q

SPONGY BONE SERVES TWO PURPOSES

A

-HELPS MAKE BONES LIGHER IN WEIGHT
-IT PROVIDES A SPACE FOR RED BONE MARROW (WHICH PRODUCES RED BLOOD CELLS)

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21
Q

OSSIFICATION OR OSTEOGENESIS

A

FORMATION OF BONE IN THE BODY

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22
Q

4 TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF BONE

A

-OSTEOPROGENITOR
-OSTEOBLASTS
-OSTEOCYTES
-OSTEOCLASTS

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23
Q

OSTEOPROGENITOR

A

NONSPECIALIZED CELLS FOUND IN THE PERIOSTEUM, ENDOSTEUM AND CENTRAL CANAL OF COMPACT BONES

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24
Q

OSTEOBLASTS

A

-NONSPECIALIZED CELLS (BONE STEM CELLS) CAN TURN INTO OTHER TYPES OF CELLS AS NEEDED. ARE CELLS THAT FORM BONES
-ARISE FROM NONSPECIALIZED OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS AND ARE THE BONE CELLS THAT SECRETE A MATRIX OF CALCIUM AND OTHER MINERALS, PHOSPHORUS, THAT GIVE BONE ITS CHARACTERISTICS.

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25
Q

OSTEOCYTES

A

MATURE BONE CELLS THAT WERE ORIGINALLY OSTEOBLASTS

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26
Q

OSTEOCLASTS

A

DESTRUCTION OF OLD BONE

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27
Q

MONOCYTE

A

WHITE BLOOD CELL FOUND IN RED BONE MARROW

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28
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS

A

A CONDITION OF DECREASING BONE DENSITY

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29
Q

INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

A

OCCURS WHEN BONE DEVELOPS BETWEEN TWO SHEETS COMPOSED OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE, SUCH AS DEVELOPMENT OF SKULL.

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30
Q

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

A

THROUGH WHICH MAJORITY OF SKELETAL BONES ARE CREATED, IN WHICH SHAPED CARTILAGE IS REPLACED BY BONE

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31
Q

PRIMARY OSSIFICATION REGION

A

OSTEOBLASTS COME INTO THIS REGION AND CREATE SPONGY BONE IN AREA

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32
Q

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE (GROWTH PLATE)

A

A THIN BAND OF CARTILAGE BETWEEN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTERS, GROWTH ZONE OF YOUR BONES

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33
Q

CARTILAGE

A

SPECIAL FORM OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CAN WITHSTAND A FAIR AMOUNT OF FLEXING AND PRESSURE.

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34
Q

FONTANELS (SOFT SPOTS)

A

TWO AREAS IN MIDDLE OF YOUR SKULL MADE OF MEMBRANES SIMILAR TO CARTILAGE SLOWLY BECOME BONE DURING 1ST 2 YEARS OF LIFE.

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35
Q

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

A

LOCATED ON THE ENDS OF BONES AND ACTS AS A SHOCK ABSORBER, PREVENTING THE BONE ENDS FROM GRINDING TOGETHER AS THEY MOVE.

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36
Q

BURSA

A

SMALL SAC LOCATED AT THE ENDS OF BONES (ARTICULAR CARTILAGE) THAT CONTAINS A LUBRICANT (SYNOVIAL FLUID)

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37
Q

ARTHRITIS OR OSTEOARTHRITIS

A

JOINTS WEAR OUT AND BECOME INFLAMED

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38
Q

JOINTS OR ARTICULATION

A

TWO OR MORE BONES JOINED TOGETHER

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39
Q

LIGAMENT

A

SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE, TOUGH WHITISH BAND THAT CONNECT FROM BONE TO BONE AND CAN WITHSTAND FAIRLY HEAVY STRESS.

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40
Q

TENDONS

A

CORDLIKE STRUCTURES THAT ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE

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41
Q

FIBROUS JOINTS

A

HELD TOGETHER BY SHORT CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRANDS AND ARE EITHER SLIGHTLY MOVABLE OR IMMOBILE

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42
Q

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

A

HELD TOGETHER BY CARTILAGE DISKS.

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43
Q

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

A

JOINED BY A JOINT CAVITY LINED WITH SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE AND FILLED WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID, WHICH DECREASES FRICTION IN THE JOINT. ALL SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE FREELY MOVING

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44
Q

PIVOT JOINTS

A

FOUND IN NECK AND FOREARM, CAN ONLY ROTATE.

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45
Q

BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS

A

HIP AND SHOULDERS AND CAN PERFORM ALL TYPES OF MOVEMENT, INCLUDING ROTATION. ALLOW FOR GREATEST RANGE OF MOTION.

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46
Q

HINGE JOINTS

A

-FOUND IN KNEES AND ELBOWS

-TYPICALLY ONE BONE IS IN THE SHAPE OF A CYLINDER AND THE OTHER A TROUGH.

-ALLOW MOVEMENT IN ONE DIRECTION AND CAN EITHER OPEN OR CLOSE.

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47
Q

GLIDING JOINTS

A

FLAT, OR SLIGHTLY CURVED, PLATELIKE BONES FOUND IN THE WRISTS AND ANKLES. GLIDING JOINTS SLIDE BACK AND FORTH.

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48
Q

SADDLE JOINTS

A

-HAVE BONE SHAPED LIKE A SADDLE AND ANOTHER BONE SIMILAR TO A HORSE’S BACK.

-JOINT TYPE IS FOUND IN THE BASE OF YOUR THUMB

-THEY ROCK UP AND DOWN AND SIDE TO SIDE, THUS ALLOWING MOVEMENT IN 3 DIRECTIONS.

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49
Q

ELLIPSOIDAL JOINTS AKA CONDYLOID JOINTS

A

-PROVIDE 2 AXES OR DIRECTIONS LIKE JOINT FORMED AT WRIST WITH BOTH THE RADIUS AND THE ULNA.

-THE KNUCKLES OF YOUR FINGERS ARE ELLIPSOIDAL JOINTS

50
Q

ADDUCTION

A

MOVING TOWARD THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY

51
Q

EXTENSION

A

INCREASING THE ANGLE BETWEEN 2 BONES CONNECTED AT A JOINT

52
Q

FEMUR

A

SINGLE BONE LOCATED WITHIN THE HUMAN THIGH, EXTENDING FROM THE HIP TO THE KNEE

53
Q

FIBROMYALGIA

A

CHRONIC PAIN SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY PAIN LASTING AT LEAST 3 MONTHS, BILATERAL TENDERNESS, AND EXERCISE INTOLERANCE

54
Q

FLEXION

A

DECREASING THE ANGLE BETWEEN 2 BONES, JOINT IS BENT.

55
Q

GREENSTICK FRACTURE

A

AN INCOMPLETE BONE BREAK, USUALLY FOUND IN CHILDREN WHO HAVE SOFTER, MORE PLIABLE BONES.

56
Q

MRI

A

USES MAGNETS AND RADIO WAVES TO PRODUCE HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGES OF ORGANS AND OTHER SOFT TISSUE

57
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS

A

A DEGERATIVE CONDITION THAT IS A RESULT OF SIMPLE “WEARING OUT” OF A JOINT FROM A SPORTS INJURY, TRAUMA, REPETITIVE MOTION, OBESITY, OR JUST THE AGING PROCESS

58
Q

PHYSICAL THERAPY

A

ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION TO DEVELOP, RECOVER, OR MAINTAIN MOVEMENT, MOBILITY, AND FUNCTION.

59
Q

EXTENSION

A

RESULT OF STRAIGHTENING A JOINT SO THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE INVOLVED BONES INCREASES, KICKING MOTION.

60
Q

PLANTAR FLEXION

A

BALLERINAS UTILIZE, BY DANCING ON TOES.

61
Q

DORSIFLEXION

A

OCCURS WHEN THE FOOT IS BENT UP TOWARD THE LEG, OPPOSITE OF PLANTAR FLEXION

62
Q

HYPEREXTENSION

A

JOINT IS FORCED TO STRAIGHTEN BEYOND IT’S NORMAL LIMITS

63
Q

ABDUCTION (AB- TO MOVE AWAY)

A

MOVE AWAY FROM THE BODY’S MIDLINE

64
Q

INVERSION

A

RESULTS WHEN THE SOLE OF ONE FOOT IS TURNED INWARD SO IT FACES THE OTHER FOOT

65
Q

EVERSION

A

FOOT IS TURNED OUTWARD FACING AWAY FROM THE OPPOSITE FOOT

66
Q

SUPINATION

A

OCCURS WHEN THE HAND IS TURNED TO THE POINT WHERE THE PALM FACES UPWARD ( LIKE HAND SHAKE) THUMB UP

67
Q

PRONATION

A

TURNS THE PALM DOWNWARD

68
Q

CIRCUMDUCTION

A

CIRCULAR ARM MOVEMENT

69
Q

PROTRACTION

A

MOVEMENT OF A PART FORWARD ( LIKE MOVING JAW OUTWARD)

70
Q

RETRACTION

A

MOTION OF DRAWING A PART BACKWARD

71
Q

ROTATION

A

WHEN A BONE “SPINS” ON ITS AXIS, HEAD LOOKING LEFT AND RIGHT.

72
Q

ARTHRITIS

A

GENERAL TERM USED TO DESCRIBE AN INFLAMITORY PROCESS OF A JOINT OR JOINTS

73
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

A

A CHRONIC SYSTEMIC DISEASE THAT IS BELIEVED TO BE AN AUTOIMMUNE CONDITION AFFECTING THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF THE BODY

-APPEARS TO AFFECT MOSTLY SMALL JOINTS OF THE HANDS AND FEET BUT CAN ALSO AFFECT THE ELBOWS AND KNEES

74
Q

SEPTIC ARTHRITIS

A

THE RESULT OF THE INFECTIVE PROCESS OF A PATHOGEN THAT WAS INTRODUCED TO A JOINT FROM A PENETRATING WOUND OR A BOOD - BORNE PATHOGEN

75
Q

GOUT

A

-is a form of arthritis.

-Gout is a result of the body’s decreased ability to control uric acid production or its excretion, thus causing high uric acid levels in the blood.

-Once the uric acid levels increase sufficiently, it crystallizes and is deposited in the connective tissue found throughout the body. If these crystals wind up in synovial fluid, sharp joint pain can occur. Primary

-gout may be an inherited disease due to a metabolic defect.

-Excessive ingestion of protein (as in meats) can lead to high uric acid levels.

-Secondary gout may be a result of chronic renal disease, drugs such as chlorothiazide (used to treat hypertension), lead poisoning, or leukemia.

Although any joint may be affected, gout commonly affects the big toe! If not treated (sometimes by simply reducing protein intake), gout can lead to a chronic disability.

76
Q

BURSITIS

A

INFLAMATION OF ONE OR MORE BURSAE (FLUID FILLED SACS THAT OIL UP JOINTS FOR FRICTION FREE MOVEMENT)

77
Q

TENDONITIS

A

PAINFUL INFLAMATION OF THE TENDON ITSELF OR THE TENDON MUSCLE ATTACHMENT

78
Q

TORN ROTATOR CUFF

A

COMMON SPORT INJURY IN SHOULDER

79
Q

ROTATOR CUFF

A

THE GROUP OF MUSCLES THAT HOLD THE HEAD OF HUMERUS INTO THE SHOULDER SOCKET

80
Q

SPRAIN

A

INJURY TO THE LIGAMENTS IN A JOINT USUALLY CAUSED BY SUDDEN AND UNUSUAL MOVEMENT DURING EXERCISE

81
Q

RICE

A

-REST
-ICE FOR 48 HOURS
-COMPRESSION
-ELEVATE ABOVE HEART

82
Q

CLOSED REDUCTION

A

PROCESS OF APPLYING GENTLE PRESSURE TO MOVE JOINT BACK INTO PLACE.

83
Q

ARTHROSCOPY

A

PROCEDURE USED TO DIAGNOSE AND TREAT MANY JOINT INJURIES

During arthroscopy, the tube of the arthroscope is inserted into the joint through a small incision in the skin. The light shines through the tube into the joint. A small television camera attached to the eyepiece projects images from within the joint onto a television screen. The projected images can help a physician diagnose any injuries to the joint. These images can also be used to assist the surgeon during joint repair surgery.

84
Q

ARTHROSCOPE

A

SNAKELIKE INSTRUMENT THAT CONTAINS A LONG TUBE, FIBER-OPTIC LIGHT SOURCE AND AN EYEPIECE

85
Q

AXIAL SKELETON

A

-INCLUDES BONES OF THE BONY THORAX, SPINAL COLUMN, HYOID BONE, BONE OF THE MIDDLE EAR AND SKULL.

-THIS PART OF SKELETAL SYSTEM PROTECTS THE ORGANS OF THE BODY

  • IS COMPOSED OF 80 BONES
86
Q

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A

-REGION OF APPENDAGES ( ARMS AND LEGS) AS WELL AS CONNECTING BONE STRUCTURES OF THE HIP AND SHOULDER GIRDLES

-CONTAINS 126 BONES

87
Q

PHALANGES

A

BONES FOUND IN HANDS AND FEET

-10 OF YOUR FINGERS CONTAIN 28 BONES

-2 PHALANGES FOUND IN THUMB

-3 FOUND IN EACH FINGER

88
Q

ORAL CAVITY OR MOUTH

A

COMMON PASSAGE WAY FOR DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

-MANDIBLE AND MAXILA ARE MOVABLE BONES OF THE MOUTH

89
Q

SUTURE LINES

A

FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN THE SKULL THAT HOLD THE BONY PLATES OF SKULL TOGETHER

90
Q

THORATIC CAGE

A

-BONES OF THE CHEST THAT SUPPORT AND PROTECTION FOR THE HEART, LUNGS AND GREAT BLOOD VESSELS

-CAGE IS FLEXIBLE BECAUSE OF CARTILAGINOUS CONNECTIONS THAT ALLOW FOR MOVEMENT DURING THE BREATHING PROCESS

91
Q

STERNUM

A

-BREASTBONE

-WHERE CPR IS PERFORMED (CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION)

-COMPOSED OF 3 AREAS;

*MANUBRIUM (SUPERIOR PORTION)

*THE BODY (CENTRALLY LOCATED AND LARGEST PORTION)

  • XIPHOID (FINAL AND INFERIOR PORTION THAT OSSIFIES (HARDENS) BY AGE 25 AND CAN BE BROKEN OFF IF HAND PLACEMENT IS INCORRECT IN CPR
92
Q

DURING CARDIAC COMPRESSIONS

A

THE HEART IS COMPRESSED ANTERIORLY BY THE BODY OF THE STERNUM AND POSTERIORLY BY THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

93
Q

THROATIC CAGE

A

CONSIST OF 12 PAIRS OF ELASTIC ARCHES IF BONES (RIBS)
-THE RIBS ARE ATTACHED TO CARTILAGE TO ALLOW FOR THEIR MOVEMENT WHEN WE BREATHE

94
Q

VERTEBROSTERNAL

A

-TRUE RIBS PAIRS 1 TO 7

-CONNECT ANTERIORLY TO THE STERNUM AND POSTERIORLY TO THE THORATIC VERTEBRAE TO THE SPINAL COLUMN

95
Q

VERTEBROCOSTAL RIBS

A

-FALSE RIBS (PAIRS 8-10)

-CONNECT TO COSTAL CARTILAGE OF THE SUPERIOR RIB AND POSTERIORLY TO THE THORATIC VERTEBRAE

96
Q

FLOATING RIBS

A

RIBS 11 AND 12
-ARE CONNECTED POSTERIORLY TO THE VERTEBAE BUT ARE NOT CONNECTED ANTERIORLY

97
Q

SPINAL CORD OR VERTIBRAL COLUMN

A

PROTECTS THE SPINAL CORD ( SUPER HIGHWAY FOR INFORMATION COMING TO AND FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM)

98
Q

CERVICAL

A

NECK REGION, 7 VERTEBRAE

99
Q

THORACIC

A

UPPER BACK, 12 VERTEBRAE

100
Q

LUMBAR

A

LOWER BACK, 5 VERTEBRAE

101
Q

SACRAL

A

MIDBUTTOCK REGION HAVE 5 INFUSED VERTEBRAE

102
Q

COCCYX

A

TAILBONE 3-5 SMALL BONES

103
Q

HERNIATED DISK OR SLIPPED DISK

A

-COMMON DISORDER FOUND IN THOSE 45 YRS OF AGE DUE TO POOR POSTURE, POOR LIFTING TECHNIQUES

-IN GERIATRIC POPULATION, DUE TO DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE

104
Q

INTERBERTEBRAL DISK

A

THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IS SEPERATED BY PADS OF CARTILAGE

105
Q

KYPHOSIS

A

A CONDITION IN WHICH THE UPPER PORTION OF THE SPINE EXHIBITS A POSTERIOR CURVE

106
Q

SCOLIOSIS

A

LATERAL (LEFT OR RIGHT) CURVATURE OF SPINE

107
Q

LORDOSIS

A

ANTERIOR CURVE OF LOWER BACK

108
Q

HAIRLINE FRACTURE

A

-LOOKS LIKE A PIECE OF HAIR ON AN XRAY

-IS A FRACTURE THAT DOES NOT COMPLETELY BREAK OR DISPLACE THE BONE

109
Q

SIMPLE OR CLOSED FRACTURE

A

IS A BREAK WITHOUT A PUNCTURE TO THE SKIN

110
Q

TRANSVERSE FRACTURE

A

A BREAK THAT IS AT A RIGHT ANGLE TO THE LONG AXIS OF A BONE

111
Q

OBLIQUE FRACTURE

A

FORMS ANY ANGLE OTHER THAN A RIGHT ANGLE TO THE LONG AXIS

112
Q

LINEAR FRACTURE

A

RUNDS PARALLEL TO THE LONG AXIS OF A BONE

113
Q

SPIRAL FRACTURE

A

BONE THAT IS SEVERELY TWISTED

114
Q

GREENSTICK FRACTURES

A

-INCOMPLETE BREAKS

-OFTEN OCCUR IN CHILDREN

115
Q

COMMINUTED FRACTURE

A

CRUSHED BONE TO POINT OF FRAGMENTED OR SPLINTERED

116
Q

COMPOUND OR OPEN FRACTURE

A

FRACTURE IN WHICH THE BONE HAS PUSHED THROUGH THE SKIN

117
Q

SET

A

IF BONES ARE NOT TOUCHING AFTER FRACTURE THEY NEED TO BE REDUCED

118
Q

CLOSED REDUCTION

A

FORCE IS EXERTED ON BROKEN BONE TO BRING BONES INTO ALIGNMENT

-IF MISALIGNMENT IS SLIGHT, CLOSED REDUCTION MAY BE SUFFICIENT

119
Q

SURGICAL OR OPEN REDUCTION

A

PINS, SCREWS, PLATES OR OTHER HARDWARE ARE USED TO FIX THE BONES IN PLACE.

-NECESSARY FOR MORE SEVERE FRACTURES

120
Q

TRACTION

A

-USED TO TREAT FRACTURES OF LONG BONES

-ALIGNS BROKEN BONES AND HOLDS THEM IN PLACE USING HEAVY WEIGHTS TO EXERT A PULLING FORCE ON THE INJURED BONES.

-THE FORCE FROM THE WEIGHTS KEEPS THE BROKEN BONES IN THE CORRECT POSITION AND ALLOWS THEM TO HEAL NORMALLY

121
Q

HEMATOMA

A

BLOOD CLOT

122
Q
A

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (1 decks)

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