THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON
-PRODUCES BLOOD CELLS
-PROVIDES PROTECTION FOR ORGANS
-HELPS US TO BREATHE
-MINERAL STORAGE
-ALLOWS MOVEMENT
BONE SHAPES
-LONG BONES
-SHORT BONES
-FLAT BONES
-IRREGULAR BONES
WHERE ARE LONG BONES FOUND?
ARMS AND LEGS (FEMUR IS THE LONGEST AND STRONGEST BONE IN THE BODY)
WHERE ARE SHORT BONES FOUND?
WRISTS AND ANKLES
WHERE ARE FLAT BONES FOUND?
SKULL, RIBS, AND BREASTBONE (STERNUM)
WHAT ARE SHAPES OF FLAT BONES?
-THINNER BONES
-FLAT OR CURVED
-PLATELIKE
IRREGULAR BONES
ODD SHAPED BONES NEEDED TO CONNECT TO OTHER BONES
EX: HIP BONES AND VERTEBRAE
PERIOSTEUM
TOUGH AND FIBROUS SONNECTIVE TISSUE, CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS, WHICH TRANSPORT BLOOD AND NUTRIENTS INTO THE BONE TO NURTURE THE BONE CELLS
EPIPHYSIS
EACH END OF BONE
DIAPHYSIS
REGION BETWEEN OR “RUNNING THROUGH” THE TWO ENDS OR SHAFT.
MEDULLARY CAVITY OR MEDULLARY CANAL
STORAGE ARE FOR BONE MARROW
TWO KINDS OF BONE MARROW
RED AND YELLOW
ERYTHROPOIESIS
THE PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS
TWO TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
COMPACT AND SPONGY
COMPACT BONE
DENSE AND HARD TISSUE FORMS THE SHAFTS OF LONG BONES AND THE OUTER LAYER OF THE BONES
OSTEONS OR HAVERSIAN SYSTEMS
MICROSCOPIC CYLINDRICAL-SHAPED UNITS
OSTEOCYTES
MATURE BONES CELLS
SPONGY OR CANCELLOUS BONE
HAS BARS AND PLATES (TRABECULAE). IRREGULAR HOLES BETWEEN THE TRABECULAE GIVE THE BONE A SPONGY APPEARANCE AND IS LINED WITH ENDOSTEUM.
ENDOSTEUM
A TISSUE SIMILAR TO PEROSTEUM
SPONGY BONE SERVES TWO PURPOSES
-HELPS MAKE BONES LIGHER IN WEIGHT
-IT PROVIDES A SPACE FOR RED BONE MARROW (WHICH PRODUCES RED BLOOD CELLS)
OSSIFICATION OR OSTEOGENESIS
FORMATION OF BONE IN THE BODY
4 TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF BONE
-OSTEOPROGENITOR
-OSTEOBLASTS
-OSTEOCYTES
-OSTEOCLASTS
OSTEOPROGENITOR
NONSPECIALIZED CELLS FOUND IN THE PERIOSTEUM, ENDOSTEUM AND CENTRAL CANAL OF COMPACT BONES
OSTEOBLASTS
-NONSPECIALIZED CELLS (BONE STEM CELLS) CAN TURN INTO OTHER TYPES OF CELLS AS NEEDED. ARE CELLS THAT FORM BONES
-ARISE FROM NONSPECIALIZED OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS AND ARE THE BONE CELLS THAT SECRETE A MATRIX OF CALCIUM AND OTHER MINERALS, PHOSPHORUS, THAT GIVE BONE ITS CHARACTERISTICS.
OSTEOCYTES
MATURE BONE CELLS THAT WERE ORIGINALLY OSTEOBLASTS
OSTEOCLASTS
DESTRUCTION OF OLD BONE
MONOCYTE
WHITE BLOOD CELL FOUND IN RED BONE MARROW
OSTEOPOROSIS
A CONDITION OF DECREASING BONE DENSITY
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
OCCURS WHEN BONE DEVELOPS BETWEEN TWO SHEETS COMPOSED OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE, SUCH AS DEVELOPMENT OF SKULL.
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
THROUGH WHICH MAJORITY OF SKELETAL BONES ARE CREATED, IN WHICH SHAPED CARTILAGE IS REPLACED BY BONE
PRIMARY OSSIFICATION REGION
OSTEOBLASTS COME INTO THIS REGION AND CREATE SPONGY BONE IN AREA
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE (GROWTH PLATE)
A THIN BAND OF CARTILAGE BETWEEN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTERS, GROWTH ZONE OF YOUR BONES
CARTILAGE
SPECIAL FORM OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT CAN WITHSTAND A FAIR AMOUNT OF FLEXING AND PRESSURE.
FONTANELS (SOFT SPOTS)
TWO AREAS IN MIDDLE OF YOUR SKULL MADE OF MEMBRANES SIMILAR TO CARTILAGE SLOWLY BECOME BONE DURING 1ST 2 YEARS OF LIFE.
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
LOCATED ON THE ENDS OF BONES AND ACTS AS A SHOCK ABSORBER, PREVENTING THE BONE ENDS FROM GRINDING TOGETHER AS THEY MOVE.
BURSA
SMALL SAC LOCATED AT THE ENDS OF BONES (ARTICULAR CARTILAGE) THAT CONTAINS A LUBRICANT (SYNOVIAL FLUID)
ARTHRITIS OR OSTEOARTHRITIS
JOINTS WEAR OUT AND BECOME INFLAMED
JOINTS OR ARTICULATION
TWO OR MORE BONES JOINED TOGETHER
LIGAMENT
SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE, TOUGH WHITISH BAND THAT CONNECT FROM BONE TO BONE AND CAN WITHSTAND FAIRLY HEAVY STRESS.
TENDONS
CORDLIKE STRUCTURES THAT ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE
FIBROUS JOINTS
HELD TOGETHER BY SHORT CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRANDS AND ARE EITHER SLIGHTLY MOVABLE OR IMMOBILE
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
HELD TOGETHER BY CARTILAGE DISKS.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
JOINED BY A JOINT CAVITY LINED WITH SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE AND FILLED WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID, WHICH DECREASES FRICTION IN THE JOINT. ALL SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE FREELY MOVING
PIVOT JOINTS
FOUND IN NECK AND FOREARM, CAN ONLY ROTATE.
BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS
HIP AND SHOULDERS AND CAN PERFORM ALL TYPES OF MOVEMENT, INCLUDING ROTATION. ALLOW FOR GREATEST RANGE OF MOTION.
HINGE JOINTS
-FOUND IN KNEES AND ELBOWS
-TYPICALLY ONE BONE IS IN THE SHAPE OF A CYLINDER AND THE OTHER A TROUGH.
-ALLOW MOVEMENT IN ONE DIRECTION AND CAN EITHER OPEN OR CLOSE.
GLIDING JOINTS
FLAT, OR SLIGHTLY CURVED, PLATELIKE BONES FOUND IN THE WRISTS AND ANKLES. GLIDING JOINTS SLIDE BACK AND FORTH.
SADDLE JOINTS
-HAVE BONE SHAPED LIKE A SADDLE AND ANOTHER BONE SIMILAR TO A HORSE’S BACK.
-JOINT TYPE IS FOUND IN THE BASE OF YOUR THUMB
-THEY ROCK UP AND DOWN AND SIDE TO SIDE, THUS ALLOWING MOVEMENT IN 3 DIRECTIONS.
ELLIPSOIDAL JOINTS AKA CONDYLOID JOINTS
-PROVIDE 2 AXES OR DIRECTIONS LIKE JOINT FORMED AT WRIST WITH BOTH THE RADIUS AND THE ULNA.
-THE KNUCKLES OF YOUR FINGERS ARE ELLIPSOIDAL JOINTS
ADDUCTION
MOVING TOWARD THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY
EXTENSION
INCREASING THE ANGLE BETWEEN 2 BONES CONNECTED AT A JOINT
FEMUR
SINGLE BONE LOCATED WITHIN THE HUMAN THIGH, EXTENDING FROM THE HIP TO THE KNEE
FIBROMYALGIA
CHRONIC PAIN SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY PAIN LASTING AT LEAST 3 MONTHS, BILATERAL TENDERNESS, AND EXERCISE INTOLERANCE
FLEXION
DECREASING THE ANGLE BETWEEN 2 BONES, JOINT IS BENT.
GREENSTICK FRACTURE
AN INCOMPLETE BONE BREAK, USUALLY FOUND IN CHILDREN WHO HAVE SOFTER, MORE PLIABLE BONES.
MRI
USES MAGNETS AND RADIO WAVES TO PRODUCE HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGES OF ORGANS AND OTHER SOFT TISSUE
OSTEOARTHRITIS
A DEGERATIVE CONDITION THAT IS A RESULT OF SIMPLE “WEARING OUT” OF A JOINT FROM A SPORTS INJURY, TRAUMA, REPETITIVE MOTION, OBESITY, OR JUST THE AGING PROCESS
PHYSICAL THERAPY
ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION TO DEVELOP, RECOVER, OR MAINTAIN MOVEMENT, MOBILITY, AND FUNCTION.
EXTENSION
RESULT OF STRAIGHTENING A JOINT SO THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE INVOLVED BONES INCREASES, KICKING MOTION.
PLANTAR FLEXION
BALLERINAS UTILIZE, BY DANCING ON TOES.
DORSIFLEXION
OCCURS WHEN THE FOOT IS BENT UP TOWARD THE LEG, OPPOSITE OF PLANTAR FLEXION
HYPEREXTENSION
JOINT IS FORCED TO STRAIGHTEN BEYOND IT’S NORMAL LIMITS
ABDUCTION (AB- TO MOVE AWAY)
MOVE AWAY FROM THE BODY’S MIDLINE
INVERSION
RESULTS WHEN THE SOLE OF ONE FOOT IS TURNED INWARD SO IT FACES THE OTHER FOOT
EVERSION
FOOT IS TURNED OUTWARD FACING AWAY FROM THE OPPOSITE FOOT
SUPINATION
OCCURS WHEN THE HAND IS TURNED TO THE POINT WHERE THE PALM FACES UPWARD ( LIKE HAND SHAKE) THUMB UP
PRONATION
TURNS THE PALM DOWNWARD
CIRCUMDUCTION
CIRCULAR ARM MOVEMENT
PROTRACTION
MOVEMENT OF A PART FORWARD ( LIKE MOVING JAW OUTWARD)
RETRACTION
MOTION OF DRAWING A PART BACKWARD
ROTATION
WHEN A BONE “SPINS” ON ITS AXIS, HEAD LOOKING LEFT AND RIGHT.
ARTHRITIS
GENERAL TERM USED TO DESCRIBE AN INFLAMITORY PROCESS OF A JOINT OR JOINTS
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
A CHRONIC SYSTEMIC DISEASE THAT IS BELIEVED TO BE AN AUTOIMMUNE CONDITION AFFECTING THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF THE BODY
-APPEARS TO AFFECT MOSTLY SMALL JOINTS OF THE HANDS AND FEET BUT CAN ALSO AFFECT THE ELBOWS AND KNEES
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
THE RESULT OF THE INFECTIVE PROCESS OF A PATHOGEN THAT WAS INTRODUCED TO A JOINT FROM A PENETRATING WOUND OR A BOOD - BORNE PATHOGEN
GOUT
-is a form of arthritis.
-Gout is a result of the body’s decreased ability to control uric acid production or its excretion, thus causing high uric acid levels in the blood.
-Once the uric acid levels increase sufficiently, it crystallizes and is deposited in the connective tissue found throughout the body. If these crystals wind up in synovial fluid, sharp joint pain can occur. Primary
-gout may be an inherited disease due to a metabolic defect.
-Excessive ingestion of protein (as in meats) can lead to high uric acid levels.
-Secondary gout may be a result of chronic renal disease, drugs such as chlorothiazide (used to treat hypertension), lead poisoning, or leukemia.
Although any joint may be affected, gout commonly affects the big toe! If not treated (sometimes by simply reducing protein intake), gout can lead to a chronic disability.
BURSITIS
INFLAMATION OF ONE OR MORE BURSAE (FLUID FILLED SACS THAT OIL UP JOINTS FOR FRICTION FREE MOVEMENT)
TENDONITIS
PAINFUL INFLAMATION OF THE TENDON ITSELF OR THE TENDON MUSCLE ATTACHMENT
TORN ROTATOR CUFF
COMMON SPORT INJURY IN SHOULDER
ROTATOR CUFF
THE GROUP OF MUSCLES THAT HOLD THE HEAD OF HUMERUS INTO THE SHOULDER SOCKET
SPRAIN
INJURY TO THE LIGAMENTS IN A JOINT USUALLY CAUSED BY SUDDEN AND UNUSUAL MOVEMENT DURING EXERCISE
RICE
-REST
-ICE FOR 48 HOURS
-COMPRESSION
-ELEVATE ABOVE HEART
CLOSED REDUCTION
PROCESS OF APPLYING GENTLE PRESSURE TO MOVE JOINT BACK INTO PLACE.
ARTHROSCOPY
PROCEDURE USED TO DIAGNOSE AND TREAT MANY JOINT INJURIES
During arthroscopy, the tube of the arthroscope is inserted into the joint through a small incision in the skin. The light shines through the tube into the joint. A small television camera attached to the eyepiece projects images from within the joint onto a television screen. The projected images can help a physician diagnose any injuries to the joint. These images can also be used to assist the surgeon during joint repair surgery.
ARTHROSCOPE
SNAKELIKE INSTRUMENT THAT CONTAINS A LONG TUBE, FIBER-OPTIC LIGHT SOURCE AND AN EYEPIECE
AXIAL SKELETON
-INCLUDES BONES OF THE BONY THORAX, SPINAL COLUMN, HYOID BONE, BONE OF THE MIDDLE EAR AND SKULL.
-THIS PART OF SKELETAL SYSTEM PROTECTS THE ORGANS OF THE BODY
- IS COMPOSED OF 80 BONES
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
-REGION OF APPENDAGES ( ARMS AND LEGS) AS WELL AS CONNECTING BONE STRUCTURES OF THE HIP AND SHOULDER GIRDLES
-CONTAINS 126 BONES
PHALANGES
BONES FOUND IN HANDS AND FEET
-10 OF YOUR FINGERS CONTAIN 28 BONES
-2 PHALANGES FOUND IN THUMB
-3 FOUND IN EACH FINGER
ORAL CAVITY OR MOUTH
COMMON PASSAGE WAY FOR DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS
-MANDIBLE AND MAXILA ARE MOVABLE BONES OF THE MOUTH
SUTURE LINES
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN THE SKULL THAT HOLD THE BONY PLATES OF SKULL TOGETHER
THORATIC CAGE
-BONES OF THE CHEST THAT SUPPORT AND PROTECTION FOR THE HEART, LUNGS AND GREAT BLOOD VESSELS
-CAGE IS FLEXIBLE BECAUSE OF CARTILAGINOUS CONNECTIONS THAT ALLOW FOR MOVEMENT DURING THE BREATHING PROCESS
STERNUM
-BREASTBONE
-WHERE CPR IS PERFORMED (CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION)
-COMPOSED OF 3 AREAS;
*MANUBRIUM (SUPERIOR PORTION)
*THE BODY (CENTRALLY LOCATED AND LARGEST PORTION)
- XIPHOID (FINAL AND INFERIOR PORTION THAT OSSIFIES (HARDENS) BY AGE 25 AND CAN BE BROKEN OFF IF HAND PLACEMENT IS INCORRECT IN CPR
DURING CARDIAC COMPRESSIONS
THE HEART IS COMPRESSED ANTERIORLY BY THE BODY OF THE STERNUM AND POSTERIORLY BY THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
THROATIC CAGE
CONSIST OF 12 PAIRS OF ELASTIC ARCHES IF BONES (RIBS)
-THE RIBS ARE ATTACHED TO CARTILAGE TO ALLOW FOR THEIR MOVEMENT WHEN WE BREATHE
VERTEBROSTERNAL
-TRUE RIBS PAIRS 1 TO 7
-CONNECT ANTERIORLY TO THE STERNUM AND POSTERIORLY TO THE THORATIC VERTEBRAE TO THE SPINAL COLUMN
VERTEBROCOSTAL RIBS
-FALSE RIBS (PAIRS 8-10)
-CONNECT TO COSTAL CARTILAGE OF THE SUPERIOR RIB AND POSTERIORLY TO THE THORATIC VERTEBRAE
FLOATING RIBS
RIBS 11 AND 12
-ARE CONNECTED POSTERIORLY TO THE VERTEBAE BUT ARE NOT CONNECTED ANTERIORLY
SPINAL CORD OR VERTIBRAL COLUMN
PROTECTS THE SPINAL CORD ( SUPER HIGHWAY FOR INFORMATION COMING TO AND FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM)
CERVICAL
NECK REGION, 7 VERTEBRAE
THORACIC
UPPER BACK, 12 VERTEBRAE
LUMBAR
LOWER BACK, 5 VERTEBRAE
SACRAL
MIDBUTTOCK REGION HAVE 5 INFUSED VERTEBRAE
COCCYX
TAILBONE 3-5 SMALL BONES
HERNIATED DISK OR SLIPPED DISK
-COMMON DISORDER FOUND IN THOSE 45 YRS OF AGE DUE TO POOR POSTURE, POOR LIFTING TECHNIQUES
-IN GERIATRIC POPULATION, DUE TO DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE
INTERBERTEBRAL DISK
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IS SEPERATED BY PADS OF CARTILAGE
KYPHOSIS
A CONDITION IN WHICH THE UPPER PORTION OF THE SPINE EXHIBITS A POSTERIOR CURVE
SCOLIOSIS
LATERAL (LEFT OR RIGHT) CURVATURE OF SPINE
LORDOSIS
ANTERIOR CURVE OF LOWER BACK
HAIRLINE FRACTURE
-LOOKS LIKE A PIECE OF HAIR ON AN XRAY
-IS A FRACTURE THAT DOES NOT COMPLETELY BREAK OR DISPLACE THE BONE
SIMPLE OR CLOSED FRACTURE
IS A BREAK WITHOUT A PUNCTURE TO THE SKIN
TRANSVERSE FRACTURE
A BREAK THAT IS AT A RIGHT ANGLE TO THE LONG AXIS OF A BONE
OBLIQUE FRACTURE
FORMS ANY ANGLE OTHER THAN A RIGHT ANGLE TO THE LONG AXIS
LINEAR FRACTURE
RUNDS PARALLEL TO THE LONG AXIS OF A BONE
SPIRAL FRACTURE
BONE THAT IS SEVERELY TWISTED
GREENSTICK FRACTURES
-INCOMPLETE BREAKS
-OFTEN OCCUR IN CHILDREN
COMMINUTED FRACTURE
CRUSHED BONE TO POINT OF FRAGMENTED OR SPLINTERED
COMPOUND OR OPEN FRACTURE
FRACTURE IN WHICH THE BONE HAS PUSHED THROUGH THE SKIN
SET
IF BONES ARE NOT TOUCHING AFTER FRACTURE THEY NEED TO BE REDUCED
CLOSED REDUCTION
FORCE IS EXERTED ON BROKEN BONE TO BRING BONES INTO ALIGNMENT
-IF MISALIGNMENT IS SLIGHT, CLOSED REDUCTION MAY BE SUFFICIENT
SURGICAL OR OPEN REDUCTION
PINS, SCREWS, PLATES OR OTHER HARDWARE ARE USED TO FIX THE BONES IN PLACE.
-NECESSARY FOR MORE SEVERE FRACTURES
TRACTION
-USED TO TREAT FRACTURES OF LONG BONES
-ALIGNS BROKEN BONES AND HOLDS THEM IN PLACE USING HEAVY WEIGHTS TO EXERT A PULLING FORCE ON THE INJURED BONES.
-THE FORCE FROM THE WEIGHTS KEEPS THE BROKEN BONES IN THE CORRECT POSITION AND ALLOWS THEM TO HEAL NORMALLY
HEMATOMA
BLOOD CLOT
