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SPORT STUDIES REVISION > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

The vertebral column accounts for what % of a person’s overall height?

A

40

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2
Q

Name the 5 functions of the vertebral column

A
  • To protect the spinal cord
  • To support the rib cage
  • To support body weight
  • Offers attachment for muscles
  • Receive and distribute impact
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3
Q

Cervical?

A

The top 7 vertebrae of the neck

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4
Q

Thoracic?

A

The 12 vertebrae of the mid spine

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5
Q

Lumbar?

A

The 5 largest vertebrae of the lower spine

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6
Q

Sacral?

A

The 5 fused vertebrae which forms the sacrum

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7
Q

Coccyx?

A

The 4 fused vertebrae which forms the coccyx

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8
Q

How does a bone grow?

A

The epiphysis contains growing areas. These epiphyseal plates allow a long bone to extend;once fully formed it fuses with the diaphysis

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9
Q

FUNCTIONS: What is reducing friction across a joint?

A

Synovial joints secrete fluid that prevents bones from rubbing together, reducing friction

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10
Q

FUNCTIONS: What is weight bearing?

A

Bones are strong to support your weight

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11
Q

FUNCTIONS: What is leverage?

A

Bones provide a lever system against which muscles contract and pull to create movement

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12
Q

FUNCTIONS: What is source of blood cell production?

A

Blood vessels feed the centre of your bone. Stored within is bone marrow. RBC+WBC are constantly produced

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13
Q

FUNCTIONS: What is support?

A

Bones give you shaped and provide the supporting framework for the soft tissue of your body

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14
Q

FUNCTIONS: What is storage of minerals?

A

Bones have minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, needed for bone growth and health

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15
Q

FUNCTIONS: What is protection?

A

Bones surround and protect vitral organs

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16
Q

FUNCTIONS: What is attachment?

A

Your skeleton provides a smooth surface for muscle attachment (tendons attach muscle to bone)

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17
Q

What are the functions of a sesamoid bone?

A

Protection
Reduction of friction across a joint

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18
Q

What are the functions of a flat bone?

A

Attachment
Protection

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19
Q

What are the functions of a short bone?

A

Small movements
Shock absorption
Weight bearing

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20
Q

What are the functions of a long bone?

A

Movement
Support
RBC production

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21
Q

What is a fixed joint?

+Example

A

They are fibrous/immovable. They form when bones interlock in early childhood

E.G Cranium

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22
Q

What is a slightly moveable joint?

+Example

A

Also known as cartilaginous. The ends of the bone are covered in articular cartilage which reduces friction

23
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

They are freely movable and have a high mobility

24
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

Tough fibrous tissue which encloses the joint and provides support

25
Q

What is a bursae?

A

A sack of fluid which reduces friction

26
Q

Where are hinge joints found?

A

Elbow
Knee
Ankle

27
Q

Where are ball and socket joints found?

A

Hip
Shoulder

28
Q

Where is the condyloid joint found?

A

The wrist

29
Q

Where are gliding joints found?

A

Carpals and tarsals

30
Q

Where is the pivot joint found?

A

The neck

31
Q

Where is the saddle joint found?

A

The base of the thumb

32
Q

What is Flexion?

A

Reducing the angle at a joint

33
Q

What is Extension?

A

Increasing the angle at a joint

34
Q

What is Dorsiflexion?

A

Bringing toes towards the shin

35
Q

What is Plantarflexion?

A

Pointing toes away

36
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

The movement of bending sideways, from the waist

37
Q

What is Horizontal flexion

A

With a straight arm or
leg you move that limb in front of your body (shoulder/hip)

38
Q

What is Horizontal extension?

A

Moving the limb
away from the front of the body (shoulder/hip)

39
Q

What is Hyperextension?

A

Movement beyond the normal anatomical position, in the opposite direction to flexion. It can occur at the vertebrae, shoulder and hip

40
Q

What is Abduction?

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline (shoulder and hip)

41
Q

What is Adduction?

A

Movement of a limb towards the midline (shoulder and hip)

42
Q

What is Horizontal Abduction?

A

Bringing a limb across your body (shoulder and hip)

43
Q

What is Horizontal Adduction?

A

Movement away from your body (shoulder and hip)

44
Q

What is Circumduction?

A

A circular movement that results in a conical action (shoulder and hip)

45
Q

What is Rotation?

A

A circular movement of a limb (shoulder and hip)

46
Q

RESPONSES: What does the production of synovial fluid allow?

A

This makes the joint become more lubricated. It also helps to protect the bones during the increased demands that exercise puts on the skeleton and joint.

Also, the range of movement at the joint will increase.

47
Q

RESPONSES: What does an increase in mineral uptake allow?

A

When we perform weight bearing activities, the body absorbs minerals such as calcium, which increases bone mineral density. The bones become strong enough to cope with these demands.

48
Q

ADAPTATION: What does an increase in ligament strength allow?

A

Over time, ligaments become more pliable, increasing flexibility and ROM at a joint.

It also means they are less likely to become sprained

49
Q

What is Arthritis?

A

A condition where there is
inflammation in a synovial
joint: this inflammation causes pain and stiffness

50
Q

How does regular
exercise prevent
arthritis?

A

By exercising it increases the production of synovial fluid at a joint. More synovial fluid
increases the lubrication

51
Q

What is the most
common type of
arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

52
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

The weakening of bones
caused by a loss in calcium, or
a lack of vitamin D

53
Q

How can exercise help prevent osteoporosis?

A

By increasing the uptake of minerals within the bone -
resulting in an increase in
bone mineral density

54
Q

If you perform resistance training at a young age what effect can this have on the body?

A

As bones are still growing,
the forces applied through the bone damage the epiphyseal heads. Damage to these plates during childhood and puberty results in stunted bone growth

SPORT STUDIES REVISION (2 decks)

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