Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychological Foundations of Mental Health > The Second Wave - The role of cognition and the emergence of cognitive therapy > Flashcards

The Second Wave - The role of cognition and the emergence of cognitive therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What did Epictetus propose that is associated to modern CBT?

A

> The choice of wether something is good or not good
= conscious thought

> There is no absolute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 approaches in CBT?

A
  1. Adaptive (coping) skills
    - provide more effective (adaptive) coping responses
    - identify person’s maladaptive coping responses and replace them with a set of more adaptive ones
  2. Problem solving
    - new ways of understanding problems
    - alternative solutions
  3. Cognitive restructuring
    - identify and change maladaptive thinking patterns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who are the pioneers of cognitive therapy and what are their respective approaches?

A

> Aaron Beck: cognitive therapy

> Albert Ellis: rational emotive therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did the pioneers of cognitive therapy reject?

A

Rejected the psychoanalytical approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What influenced the pioneers of cognitive therapy?

A

Emerging evidence from cognitive psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the goal of cognitive therapy?

A

Reduction of emotional distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the statement of cognitive therapy?

A

The emotional state is not a direct consequence of a situation, but mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was Aaron Beck influenced by in his development of a new treatment?

A

His work in psychiatry, treating people with depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the three principles of Aaron Beck in developing a new treatment?

A

He stated the need for:

  1. Construct Theory
    - to identify targets that inform a treatment
  2. Testable theory
  3. Test the treatment
    - if it does not change the target - symptoms - it has no clinical value
    - > empirical tests

=> “To construct a comprehensive theory of psychopathology that articulates well the psychotherapeutic approach”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was Aaron Beck’s continuous cycle of psychotherapy?

A

Construct/refine theory -> Test theory -> Test treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why did Beck develop the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (2005)?

A

> Need of a questionnaire for reliable assessment of symptoms

> To assess the patient’s actual experience:

  • mood
  • thinking
  • behaviour
  • physical state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What characterises the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)?

A

> 21 questions with 4 possible answers

> Assess frequency, intensity, and impact of symptoms

> Not diagnostic
- requires application of clinical criteria, detailed interview with trained clinician or researcher

> Total level of depression-related symptoms

  • “cut-off” scores to group people
  • > minimal, mild, moderate, or severe depression

> ‘Self-report instrument’

  • ‘Patient-reported Outcome Measure (PROM)
  • subjective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes a cut-off score arbitrary in the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)?

A

The scores will be continuously distributed in the population
- very different groups following age, physical health, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the opposite assessment of a subjective ‘patient-reported outcome measure (PROM)?

A

Assessment based on expert judgment

- typically through interview with trained clinician or researcher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad of depression (1963)?

A

> Outward expressions of stereotyped pattern of thinking

> Underlying schema based on a set of negative beliefs over 3 areas:

  1. the Self
  2. the World
  3. the Future

= “biased thinking” in depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Aaron Beck’s negative automatic thoughts (NATs)?

A

Negative thinking as first response to trigger event

  • emerging without effort
  • because they’re our thoughts, we tend to think they are true
  • Depressive NATs
  • Angry NATs
  • Anxious NATs
  • Guilty NATs
17
Q

How does a normal reaction to an upsetting event differ from NATs?

A
  • No self-blame

- Search for explanations

18
Q

What are the key characteristics of NATs?

A

> NATs tend to be:

  • negative
  • feel bad
  • uninvited
  • unhelpful
  • believable

> Two-way process between our thinking and our mood:
-> negative thoughts may induce a low mood that may be maintained for a long time by recurring negative thoughts

19
Q

What makes Aaron Beck’s model of depression a cognitive model?

A
  1. Negative thinking maintains depression
    - schemas bias perceptions and memory
    - depressive schema increases negative thinking
  2. It is biased or illogical
    = Cognitive distorsion
    - “Unhelpful thinking styles” (as described to patients)
  3. It ignores evidence
20
Q

What are the 7 cognitive biases found in people with depression?

A
  1. ‘All or Nothing’ thinking
  2. Mental Filtering (selective abstraction)
  3. Magnification and Minimization
  4. Catastrophizing
  5. Personalizing
  6. Overgeneralization
  7. Emotional Reasoning (Labelling)
21
Q

What is the ‘All or Nothing’ thinking bias?

A

Splitting, dichotomous reasoning, black and white thinking

  • sets up for disappointment and failure
  • success isn’t typically celebrated
22
Q

What is the mental filtering (selective abstraction) bias?

A

Confirmatory cognitive bias
- pay more attention to events that support our views

  • depressive bias to confirm negative thoughts
  • > notice failures, ignore successes
  • happens in the moment or when events are recalled later
23
Q

What is the magnification or minimisation bias?

A

Magnify the significance of the negative

- disqualifying the positive

24
Q

What is the catastrophizing bias?

A

Significance of negative event is blown out of proportion
- extreme of magnification

  • illogical leap from one event to a disastrous future seemingly inevitable outcome
  • semi-logical steps between thoughts
25
Q

What is the personalising bias?

A

A person assumes responsibility for events when they cannot fully or partially control them
- often involves other people

  • failure translates into guilt and low self-worth
26
Q

What is the overgeneralisation bias?

A

Hasty conclusion from partial information

- e.g. “never”, “always” in thought process

27
Q

What is the emotional reasoning (labelling) bias?

A

We equate what we feel with what is real
- our feelings and emotions, and language we use to define them influence what we believe

Emotion -> (illogical link) -> Fact
- e.g. “I feel like a failure” -> “I am a failure”

28
Q

How can the emotional reasoning (labelling) bias be reinforced?

A

It can be hard to separate feelings from reality

- especially when combined with other biases such as filtering, personalisation, overgeneralisation, etc.

29
Q

What characterises the language of cognitive distorsions in depression?

A

> The thinking is often marked by polarisation, referring to ourselves or others

> The words used describe unbendable expectations about person’s behaviour or outcomes

> These words can be combined and become more extreme
- e.g. “must always succeed”, “should never fail”)

30
Q

What characterises the “hot cross bun model” - cognitive model?

A

> Triggering event: external or internal
- influences the thoughts

> Bidirectional links between Thoughts, Feelings, Physical sensations, and Behaviour
- influencing each other

> No specific direction of flow

> Dynamic systems with potential of vicious cycle

  • unhelpful thoughts, behaviours, feelings
  • which built up on each other, driving maladaptive processes further
31
Q

What is the role of the schema in Aaron Beck’s model?

A

> Schema acts as filter and transforms an event which then becomes a trigger event

> Schema is not static

  • it updates with new information from our thoughts, feelings and behaviour
  • if these are shaped by a negative schema, the updating reinforces it

=> It is not the event, but the way information is processed and appraised

32
Q

What does Aaron Beck’s model describe?

A

A basic system that, in certain conditions, can become maladaptive and increase the risk of depression and maintain the symptoms over time

33
Q

What is the development of the negative schema in depression according to Aaron Beck?

A

Negative schema is dominant

  • our schema has become biassed by our mood to negatively appraise and filter information negatively
  • > state-based association
34
Q

What does Aaron Beck suggest is the origin of the negative schema in depression?

A

Predisposition

  • negative schema develops over lifetime
  • increases vulnerability to depression in context of subsequent stressors

-> Depressogenic trait

35
Q

What do Beck and Bredemeier suggest is the origine of the cognitive triad of depression (2016)?

A

Combined and interacting influence of 4 factors:
1. Genetic risk

  1. Early experience (e.g. trauma)
  2. Information processing biases
  3. Biological stress reactivity
36
Q

Following the Beck’s cognitive triad of depression, what happens when beliefs are activated by stressful events in a person’s life?

A

The beliefs can feedback and further strengthen information processing biases and stress reactivity

Psychological Foundations of Mental Health (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions