The Second Pin-Test Flashcards
Abdomen, anterior - 2
Abdomen, anterior - 1
Abdominal Aorta - 1
Abdominal Cavity, Anterior
Adrenal Gland - left
The adrenal glands are situated on the anterior and medial surfaces of the upper poles of the kidneys (without Gerota’s fascia intervening), at the T12 vertebral level. The right adrenal gland is located behind the IVC.
Anastomosis between Left and Right Gastric Arteries
This probe in this image is referring to the anastomosis between the left and right gastric arteries along the lesser curvature of the stomach.
Arcades - Jejunum
Notice the relatively smaller arcades and the longer vasa recta here in the jejunum (as compared with those of the ileum).
Ascending Colon
The first major lymph nodes to which cancer of the ascending colon will metastasize are the superior mesenteric nodes (group of pre-aortic nodes).
Also recall that the hepatic flexure is related to the anterior surface of the lower pole of the right kidney.
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh runs toward the ASIS, then passes deep to the inguinal ligament to enter and innervate the lateral thigh.
Body of Epididymis
Cecum
The bloodless fold of Treves is an inferior ileocecal fold arising from the anti-mesenteric border of the ileum and passes across the caudal portion of the ileocecal junction to join the mesentery of the appendix. It serves as a useful landmark for locating the appendix in situ.
Celiac Trunk
In this image, the celiac trunk can be seen giving rise to the splenic, left gastric, and common hepatic arteries.
The celiac trunk supplies structures derived from the embryonic foregut and arises from the aorta immediately below the T12-L1 intervertebral disc.
Common Bile Duct
Note the relationship of the contents of the hepatoduodenal ligament: The common bile duct lies in the ligament’s free (right) edge, the proper hepatic artery lies to the left of the common bile duct, and the portal vein lies posterior to the artery.
Celiac Trunk - 2
Common Hepatic Artery
Here the common hepatic artery (which arises from the celiac trunk) can be seen as it branches into the proper hepatic artery and the gastroduodenal artery.
Common Hepatic Duct
Here the common hepatic duct is being lifted by the probe just before it joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. Also note Calot’s triangle, although the cystic artery is quite difficult to see in this image.
Coronary Ligament
Cystic Artery
The cystic artery lies within the triangle of Calot and should be located here during a cholecystectomy. Because there exists significant variation between the branching of the cystic artery, care must be taken when removing the gall bladder and ligating the artery (or both anterior and posterior branches if the person has an anomalous double cystic artery) to prevent unnecessary bleeding.
Calot’s node is a lymph node found in front of the cystic artery within Calot’s triangle.
Cystic Duct
The cystic duct is seen here just before it joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. Note the presence of the cystic artery within Calot’s triangle.
Deep inguinal ring
The deep inguinal ring is formed by the transversalis fascia midway between the pubis symphysis and the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine), about 1cm superior to the inguinal ligament.
Descending Colon
The splenic flexure lies on the lateral edge of the left kidney.
Duodenum (1st part)
The 1st part of the duodenum begins at the pylorus (located just to the right of the midline) at the superior L2 vertebral level. It then courses rightward and ascends to become retroperitoneal along the right side of the L1 vertebra.
Duodenum (2nd part)
The Kocher maneuver involves pulling the 2nd part of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas off of the posterior abdominal wall and to the left and is useful for checking for gallstones in the common bile duct or pancreatic cancer invasion into the portal vein or IVC.
Duodenum (3rd part)
The SMA and SMV are found across the anterior surface of the 3rd part of the duodenum (the SMV to the anatomical right of the SMA).
External Abdominal Oblique
Falciform Ligament
Recall that ligamentum teres runs through the free edge of the falciform ligament. The ligamentum teres is remnant of the fetal umbilical vein (that carried oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus).
Gallbladder
The gallbladder receives innervation from spinal cord segments T7-T9. As a result, pain of the gall bladder is referred to the right 7th through 9th intercostal spaces. If the gallbladder irritates the overlying peritoneum of the diaphragm, pain can also be referred to the right shoulder (via phrenic nerve, C3-C5).
The gallbladder can be palpated at the junction of the transpyloric plane (at level of L1-L2 intervertebral disc) and the linea semilunaris (lateral edge of the rectus abdominis).
To test for Murphy’s sign, push down at the right costal margin where the gallbladder is normally located and ask the patient to inspire. A positive Murphy’s sign is observed if there is an abrupt cessation of inspiration and is indicative of acute gallbladder inflammation.
Gastroduodenal Artery
Here the gastroduodenal artery is seen after it has branched off the common hepatic artery.
Recall that the gastroduodenal artery will give rise to the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, as well as the right gastroepiploic artery.
Gastroepiploic Arcade
Here the probe is referring to the anastomosis between the right and left gastroepiploic arteries, also known as the gastroepiploic arcade.
Recall that the gastroepiploic arcade also forms an anastomosis with the middle colic artery.
Genitofemoral Nerve
- The genitofemoral nerve is seen here piercing through and then descending on the anterior surface of the psoas major muscle. The genitofemoral nerve is formed from contributions from L1-L2.
- The cremaster reflex is a test of the L1 spinal segment, in which the genitofemoral nerve is responsible for innervation of the cremaster muscle.
- During removal of external iliac lymph nodes, the surgeon should be careful not to damage the genitofemoral nerve located lateral to these nodes.
Gonadal Artery
Here the left gonadal artery (which directly arises from the abdominal aorta) is being lifted by the probe. The ureter can be seen descending posterior to this vessel.
Greater Omentum
Not so great, is it.
Gubernaculum
Head of Epididymis
Ileocolic Artery
The appendicular branches of the ileocolic artery are shown here with a probe.
Ileum
The jejunum is supplied by relatively longer vasa recta as compared to the ileum. In addition, the mesenteric fat overlaps the walls of the ileum significantly, whereas the boundary between the mesenteric fat and the organ wall is more well defined in the jejunum.
Iliacus
The iliacus muscle is a flat muscle found in the iliac fossa.
Iliohypogastric nerve
Here the iliohypogastric nerve can be seen anteriorly after it has pierced the transversus abdominis muscle.
iliohypogastric nerve - posterior abdominal wall
- A kidney biopsy is commonly taken through the posterior abdominal wall.
- Biopsy of the lower half entails some risk to the subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves.
- To biopsy the upper half of the kidney, the needle should be inserted below the T12 vertebral level obliquely upward to pierce the quadratus lumborum and diaphragm below the inferior extent of the pleural cavity.
ilioinguinal nerve - posterior abdominal wall
A kidney biopsy is commonly taken through the posterior abdominal wall. Biopsy of the lower half entails some risk to the subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves. To biopsy the upper half of the kidney, the needle should be inserted below the T12 vertebral level obliquely upward to pierce the quadratus lumborum and diaphragm below the inferior extent ofU the pleural cavity.
Ilioinguinal nerve in inguinal canal
Here the ilioinguinal nerve is shown within the inguinal canal after it has emerged from the deep inguinal ring.
Ilioinguinal nerve, inguinal canal
Here the ilioinguinal nerve is shown after it has exited _out of t_he superficial inguinal ring, traveling alongside the spermatic cord.
Inferior epigastric artery
- If the lower portion of the rectus abdominis is removed along with the inferior epigastric artery to be used for repairing a wound elsewhere, the upper portion of the rectus abdominis will not die because it receives blood supply from the superior epigastric artery.
- Direct hernias begin to exit through the abdominal wall medial to the inferior epigastric artery (through Hesselbach’s triangle), whereas indirect hernias begin to exit through the abdominal wall lateral to the inferior epigastric artery, through the deep inguinal ring.
Note:
- Femoral hernias are as equally or more common in females than males, due to a relatively larger femoral ring (located medial to the femoral vein) in females.
- Indirect hernias are the most common type of groin hernia in both sexes. However, young males have an increased risk of inguinal herniation due to the possibility of a patent processus vaginalis.
inferior mesenteric artery
In this image the IMA is seen arising from the aorta. The IMA originates behind the 3rd part of the duodenum and descends near the left edge of the aorta. T
The IMV is located just to the left of the IMA.
Inferior mesenteric vein
- In this image the IMV is shown draining into the splenic vein.
- Venous drainage of the superior rectal veins is to the portal venous system, whereas venous drainage of the middle and inferior rectal veins is to the systemic tributaries of the IVC. However, there are anastomoses between the superior, middle, and inferior rectal veins. Therefore portal hypertension can lead to dilated rectal veins (rectal varices) that may rupture, in which case fresh blood may be found in the stool.
Inferior Suprarenal Artery
The inferior suprarenal arteres arise from the renal arteries. The middle suprarenal arteries arise directely from the aorta, whereas the superior suprarenal arteris arise from the inferior phrenic arteries.
Inferior vena cava
- In this image the liver has been lifted and rotated to reveal the IVC that is normally located within the caval fossa of the liver.
- If continued bleeding is observed after performing a Pringle maneuver to determine the location of injury, one can assume that the injury is to the tributaries of the hepatic veins (which are receiving blood backflow from the IVC).
Inferior Vena Cava - 1
Inguinal region - anterior - 1
Inguinal region - anterior - 2
Inguinal region - anterior - men
Inguinal region - anterior - women
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Jejunum
The jejunum is supplied by relatively longer vasa recta as compared to the ileum. In addition, the mesenteric fat overlaps the walls of the ileum significantly, whereas the boundary between the mesenteric fat and the organ wall is better defined in the duodenum.
Jejunum vs. Ileum
The jejunum is supplied by relatively longer vasa recta as compared to the ileum. In addition, the mesenteric fat overlaps the walls of the ileum significantly, whereas the boundary between the mesenteric fat and the organ wall is better defined in the duodenum.
Kdney - Major Calyx
Kidney - Minor Calyx
Kidney - Renal Column
Kidney - Renal Cortex
Kidney - Renal Papilla
Kidney - Renal Pelvis
Kidney - Renal Pyramid
Left Adrenal Vein
The left adrenal vein drains into the left renal vein, whereas the right adrenal vein drains into the IVC.
Left coxal bone, lateral
Left Crus of Diaphragm
- In this image the left kidney has been moved to the right to show the diaphargm.
- When clamping the thoracic aorta is necessary, the surgeon should place the clamp as close to the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm as possible to minimize the risk of occluding the segmental artery that gives rise to the artery of Adamkiewicz.
Left Gastric Artery
The left gastric artery is seen here after it has branched off the celiac trunk.
Left Gastric Vein
- The left gastric vein drains into the portal vein in this case (it also commonly drains into the splenic vein) - this image is not the best example.
- Portal hypertension (for example, in cirrhosis) may lead esophageal varices when venous blood flows from the portal vein –> left gastric vein –> esophageal veins. Dilated esophageal veins (esophageal varices) may rupture leading to hemoptysis (coughing up blood) and is frequently fatal.
- Note that the azygos and hemiazygos veins drain blood from the esophagus back to the heart (via the SVC).
Left Gonadal Vein
Recall that the left gonadal vein empties into the left renal vein, whereas the right gonadal vein empties directly into the IVC.
Left Hepatic Artery
- Here 2 branches arising from the proper hepatic artery (lifted by probe) can be considered the left hepatic arteries.
- The caudate, quadrate, and left lobes of the liver are supplied by the left hepatic artery.
- Cantlie’s line is a line drawn from the left edge of the cystic fossa to the left edge of the caval fossa that defines the physiological boundary between the left liver and right liver.
Left kidney, anterior
Left kidney, anterior - 2
Left kidney, anterior - 3
Left kidney, anterior - 4
Left Renal Vein
- Here the left renal vein is seen crossing anterior to the aorta immediately inferior to the origin of the SMA.
- Varices may be treated using sclerotherapy (shrinking of vessels) or by creating a shunt between the portal venous network and the systemic veins’ the most common being a splenorenal shunt between the splenic vein at its entry into the portal vein and the left renal vein. A shunt between the portal vein and IVC would not be made because this would shunt too much blood away from the liver, thereby causing metabolic problems.
- The right renal vein is shorter than the left renal vein (which crosses the abdominal aorta). For this reason, cancer of the right kidney (such as renal cell carcinoma) can gain access to the IVC (and thus the heart) more quickly than cancer of the left kidney.
Ligamentum Teres
The ligamentum teres is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein that runs through the falciform ligament.
Linea Alba
Liver - left lobe
- The caudate, quadrate, and left lobes of the liver are supplied by the left hepatic artery.
- Cantlie’s line is a line drawn from the left edge of the cystic fossa to the left edge of the caval fossa that defines the physiological boundary between the left liver and right liver.
- Portal hypertension may lead to dilated subcutaneous veins radiating in all directions from the umbilicus known as caput medusae. The venous route is as follows: portal vein –> paraumbilical veins –> thoracoepigastric veins (located subcutaneously). Recall that esophageal varices and rectal varices may also develop due to portal hypertension.
Liver - right lobe
- The liver receives blood from both the portal vein and the common hepatic artery (via right and left hepatic arteries); the portal vein provides slightly more oxygen than the common hepatic artery to the liver (approximately 55% : 45%, respectively).
- Portal hypertension may lead to dilated subcutaneous veins radiating in all directions from the umbilicus known as caput medusae. The venous route is as follows: portal vein –> paraumbilical veins –> thoracoepigastric veins (located subcutaneously).
- Recall that esophageal varices and rectal varices may also develop due to portal hypertension.
Lumbar Sympathetic Trunk
Notice that the lumbar sympathetic trunk runs vertically on the lumbar vertebral bodies where the psoas major originates.
Lumbar vertebra, Superior
Lumbosacral Trunk
The lumbosacral trunk is formed from the L4 and L5 ventral rami and join the S1 ventral ramus (in other words, the lumbosacral trunk connects the lumbar and sacral plexuses).
Major Duodenal Papilla
The major duodenal papilla is a bulge in the mucosa of the 2nd part of the duodenum where the sphincter of Oddi surrounds the ampulla of Vater.
marginal artery of drummond
The marginal artery of Drummond is the anastomotic channel running along the inner margin of the colon, formed from connections between the right, middle, and left colic arteries.
mesenteric vessels, vasa recta, arcades of jejunum
mesentery
middle colic artery
- The middle colic artery is seen here arising from the SMA.
- Recall the anastomosis between the branches of the middle colic artery and the gastroepiploic arcade.
obturator nerve
During removal of internal iliac lymph nodes, the surgeon should be careful not to damage the obturator nerve.
Omental Appendices
(appendices epiploicae)
To distinguish between large intestine and small intestine, note that the large intestine contains taeniae coli, appendices epiploicae (fab blob), and haustra.
pancreas - body
Tumors of the body and tail of the pancreas can engulf the SMA (superior mesenteric artery), splenic artery, and splenic vein. If the splenic vein is compressed, splenomegaly is commonly observed.
pancreas - head
- Tumors of the head of the pancreas can compress the common bile duct embedded in its posterior surface leading to painless jaundice (yellowing of the skin, sclera of the eyes, and mucous membranes) accompanied by swelling of the gallbladder.
- The first major lymph nodes to which cancer of the pancreas will metastasize are the celiac nodes (group of pre-aortic nodes).
pancreas - neck
Tumors of the neck of the pancreas may involve an aberrant right hepatic artery arising form the SMA.
pancreas - tail
- Tumors of the body and tail of the pancreas can engulf the SMA (superior mesenteric artery), splenic artery, and splenic vein. If the splenic vein is compressed, splenomegaly is commonly observed.
- The first major lymph nodes to which cancer of the pancreas will metastasize are the celiac nodes (group of pre-aortic nodes).
- The lienorenal ligament contains the splenic artery, splenic vein and the tail of the pancreas.
pancreas - uncinate process
Pelvic girdle, anterior - 1
Pelvic girdle, superior - 1
Pelvic girdle, anterior - 2
Pelvic girdle, anterior
Pelvic girdle, superior - 2
pelvic splanchnic nerve
Recall that the pelvic splanchnic nerve relaxes the internal urethral sphincter of the urinary bladder, but has no effect on the sphincter urethrae (skeletal muscle ring innervated by the pudendal nerve of S2-S4).
portal vein
- In this image the beginning of the portal vein is shown, formed by the splenic vein and the SMV (the IMV empties into the splenic vein in this example).
- The TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) procedure can be used to relieve portal hypertension by creating a direct passageway in the liver from the portal vein to a hepatic vein.
- A tube is inserted into the right internal jugular vein –> right brachiocephalic vein –> SVC –> right atrium –> IVC –> hepatic vein –> substance of liver –> through branch of portal vein. This procedure is favorable for patients eligible for liver transplant because it does not leave behind abdominal adhesions.
portal vein in hepatoduodenal ligament
- The TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) procedure can be used to relieve portal hypertension by creating a direct passageway in the liver from the portal vein to a hepatic vein. A tube is inserted into the right internal jugular vein –> right brachiocephalic vein –> SVC –> right atrium –> IVC –> hepatic vein –> substance of liver –> through branch of portal vein. This procedure is favorable for patients eligible for liver transplant because it does not leave behind abdominal adhesions.
- The Pringle maneuver involves compressing the hepatoduodenal ligament and the structures therein (portal vein, proper hepatic artery anterior to the portal vein, and the common bile duct to the right of the proper hepatic artery) and can tell the surgeon whether the bleeding in the liver is due to portal vein/hepatic artery damage or a tributary of the IVC (hepatic veins). In the latter case, bleeding will not stop.
posterior rectus sheath
posterior rectus sheath 2
proper hepatic artery in hepatoduodenal ligament
psoas major
pyramidalis
quadratus lumborum
rectus abdominis
- If the lower portion of the rectus abdominis is removed along with the inferior epigastric artery to be used for repairing a wound elsewhere, the upper portion of the rectus abdominis will not die because it receives blood supply from the superior epigastric artery.
rectus sheath
renal artery - left
- Accessory renal arteries may exist and must be connected to the recipient blood supply during a kidney transplant.
- Recall that the right renal artery runs posterior to the IVC.
Retroperitoneal space, anterior
right colic artery
right colic artery branch
- A branch of the right colic artery is seen here.
right gastric artery
In this image the probe is lifting the right gastric artery, which arises from the proper hepatic artery. The right and left gastric arteries anastomose along the lesser curvature of the stomach.
right hepatic artery
- Here the right hepatic artery is seen arising from the proper hepatic artery. This artery is responsible for supplying blood to the right lobe of the liver.
- The caudate, quadrate, and left lobes of the liver are supplied by the left hepatic artery. Cantlie’s line is a line drawn from the left edge of the cystic fossa to the left edge of the caval fossa that defines the physiological boundary between the left liver and right liver.
seminiferous tubule
sigmoid colon
sigmoidal artery
spermatic cord
In this image the spermatic cord is seen after exiting the superficial inguinal ring.
spermatic cord attached to testis
The testes receive sympathetic innervation from spinal cord segments T12-L1.
spermatic cord cross-section - deferential artery
In this image the deferential artery is shown at the spear-tip and the vas deferens is located just below and to the left of the artery.
spermatic cord cross-section - pampiniform plexus
spermatic cord cross-section - vas deferens
spermatic cord, inguinal canal
In this image the spermatic cord can be seen within the inguinal canal after it has exited from the deep inguinal ring.
spleen
- Splenomegaly can displace the stomach anteriorly and to the right and/or the splenic flexure of the colon downward. Splenomegaly can be palpated on inspiration (increases abdominal pressure) below the left costal margin between this margin and the umbilicus).
- The spleen can be punctured if the posterior portion (posterior to the midaxillary line) of the left 9th to 11th ribs are fractured.
splenic artery
splenic artery arising from celiac trunk
splenic vein
Esophageal varices may be treated using sclerotherapy (shrinking of vessels) or by creating a shunt between the portal venous network and the systemic veins’ the most common being a splenorenal shunt between the splenic vein at its entry into the portal vein and the left renal vein. A shunt between the portal vein and IVC would not be made because this would shunt too much blood away from the liver, thereby causing metabolic problems.
stomach
Ulceration of the posterior wall of the stomach can lead to a lesser sac abscess. This puts the structures in the floor of the lesser sac (pancreas, upper inner quadrant of the left kidney, and the left adrenal gland) at risk for erosion.
stomach - antrum
The first major lymph nodes to which cancer of the stomach will metastasize are the celiac nodes (group of pre-aortic nodes).
stomach - body
- Ulceration of the posterior wall of the stomach can lead to a lesser sac abscess. This puts the structures in the floor of the lesser sac (pancreas, upper inner quadrant of the left kidney, and the left adrenal gland) at risk for erosion.
- The first major lymph nodes to which cancer of the stomach will metastasize are the celiac nodes (group of pre-aortic nodes).
stomach - cardia
The first major lymph nodes to which cancer of the stomach will metastasize are the celiac nodes (group of pre-aortic nodes).
stomach - fundus
- The first major lymph nodes to which cancer of the stomach will metastasize are the celiac nodes (group of pre-aortic nodes).
- Note that the fundus of the stomach normally lies more posteriorly relative to the antrum - stomach contents will collect here when a patient is lying supine and may be observed on a corresponding radiograph.
stomach - greater curvature
The floor of the lesser sac may be felt through the gastrocolic ligament.
stomach - greater curvature (pins)
stomach - lesser curvature
The lesser curvature of the stomach is connected to the liver via the gastrohepatic ligament.
Recall that the lesser sac is located behind the stomach - in the floor of the lesser sac lie the body of the pancreas, a portion of the left kidney, and the left adrenal gland.
stomach - pylorus
- A truncal vagotomy is performed in the case of a classic whipple procedure (removal of the head and neck of the pancreas, pyloric antrum, and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd parts of the duodenum) in order to halt stomach acid production of the remaining stomach, avoiding ulceration of the jejunum. However, this is not typically performed nowadays. In modified (pylorus-sparing) whipple procedure, the truncal vagotomy is not performed because vagal innervation is necessary to relax the pyloric spincter.
- A truncal vagotomy is performed in the case of a classic whipple procedure (removal of the head and neck of the pancreas, pyloric antrum, and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd parts of the duodenum) in order to halt stomach acid production of the remaining stomach, avoiding ulceration of the jejunum. However, this is not typically performed nowadays. In modified (pylorus-sparing) whipple procedure, the truncal vagotomy is not performed because vagal innervation is necessary to relax the pyloric spincter.
- The first major lymph nodes to which cancer of the stomach will metastasize are the celiac nodes (group of pre-aortic nodes).
subcostal nerve
A kidney biopsy is commonly taken through the posterior abdominal wall. Biopsy of the lower half entails some risk to the subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves. To biopsy the upper half of the kidney, the needle should be inserted below the T12 vertebral level obliquely upward to pierce the quadratus lumborum and diaphragm below the inferior extent of the pleural cavity.
superficial inguinal ring
In this image the probe is referring to the superficial inguinal ring. The spermatic cord can be seen exiting from this ring.
Recall that the superficial inguinal ring is located immediately (~1cm) superolateral to the pubic tubercle.
superior adrenal artery
The superior adrenal arteries arise from the inferior phrenic artery.
superior mesenteric artery
The SMA (superior mesenteric artery) descends across the anterior surface of the 3rd part of the duodenum. SMA syndrome may occur when a person undergoes a dramatic loss in weight and loses mesenteric fat. Because the mesenteric fat that normally serves as a cushion is lost, the SMA compresses the 3rd part of the duodenum leading to vomiting of bile stained food. This can be corrected temporarily by leaning forward while eating so that the SMA falls anteriorly and is not compressing the duodenum.
superior mesenteric artery 2
The SMA (superior mesenteric artery) descends across the anterior surface of the 3rd part of the duodenum. SMA syndrome may occur when a person undergoes a dramatic loss in weight and loses mesenteric fat. Because the mesenteric fat that normally serves as a cushion is lost, the SMA compresses the 3rd part of the duodenum leading to vomiting of bile stained food. This can be corrected temporarily by leaning forward while eating so that the SMA falls anteriorly and is not compressing the duodenum.
superior mesenteric artery anterior to left renal vein
Esophageal varices may be treated using sclerotherapy (shrinking of vessels) or by creating a shunt between the portal venous network and the systemic veins’ the most common being a splenorenal shunt between the splenic vein at its entry into the portal vein and the left renal vein. A shunt between the portal vein and IVC would not be made because this would shunt too much blood away from the liver, thereby causing metabolic problems.
superior mesenteric vein
Notice that the SMV is located to the right of the SMA.
superior mesenteric vein 2
Notice that the SMV is located to the right of the SMA. It runs over the 3rd part of the duodenum and under the pancreas to drain into the portal vein
superior rectal artery
taeniae coli
To distinguish between large intestine and small intestine, note that the large intestine contains taeniae coli, appendices epiploicae, and haustra.
tail of epididymis
testis, epididymis, spermatic cord
The testes receive sympathetic innervation from spinal cord segments T12-L1.
The lymphatic drainage of the testis travels to the para-aortic nodes between the origin of the SMA and the IMA.
Abdomen, anterior - 3
Abdomen, anterior - 4
Abdomen, anterior - 5
Abdominal wall, coronal section
Reflected anterior abdominal wall, posterior - 1
Reflected anterior abdominal wall, posterior - 2
Inguinal Triangle - Anterior - 1
Diaphragm - Anterosuperior - 1
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 1
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 2
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 3
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 4
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 5
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 6
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 7
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 8
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 9
Jejunum - Anterior - 1
Intestines - Anterior - 1
Cecum - Anterior - 1
Transverse Colon - Relected - 1
Proximal large intestine - Anterior - 1
Proximal large intestine - Anterior - 2
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 10
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 11
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 12
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 13
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 14
Duodenum - Anterior - 1
Proximal Duodenum - Anterior - 1
Pancreas - Anterior - 1
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 15
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 16
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 17
Head of Pancreas - Anterior - 1
2nd Part of duodenum - Posterior - 1
Pancreas - Anterior - 1
hepatoduodenal ligament - contents - anterior - 1
Bilary Tract - Anterior - 1
Abdominal Cavity - Anterior - 18
Retroperitoneal Space - Anterior - 1
Retroperitoneal Space - Anterior - 2
Retroperitoneal Space - Anterior - 3
Inferior Vena Cava - Anterior - 1
Abdominal Aorta - anterior - 1
