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CSET 217 > The Science of Biology and the Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

The Science of Biology and the Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Science (def)

A

an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world

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2
Q

Goals of science are

A
  • provide natural explanations for events in the natural world
  • use explanations to understand patterns in nature and make useful predictions about natural events
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3
Q

Scientific methodology involves

A
  • observing and asking question
  • making inferences and forming hypotheses
  • conducting controlled experiments
  • collecting and analyzing data
  • drawing conclusions
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4
Q

Inference (def)

A

a logical interpretation based on what scientists already know

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5
Q

Hypothesis (def)

A

a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it

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6
Q

Theory (def)

A

well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables scientist to make accurate predictions about new situations

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7
Q

Bias (def)

A

a particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific

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8
Q

Biology (def)

A

the study of life

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9
Q

Characteristics of living organisms

A
  • made of cells
  • based on a universal genetic code
  • obtain and use materials and energy
  • grow and develop
  • reproduce
  • respond to their environment
  • maintain a stable internal environment
  • change over time
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10
Q

DNA (def)

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid

- genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents

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11
Q

Stimulus (def)

A

a signal to which an organism responds

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12
Q

Sexual Reproduction (def)

A

cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism

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13
Q

Asexual Reproduction (def)

A

a single organism produces offspring identical to itself

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14
Q

Homeostasis (def)

A

relatively constant internal, physical, and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

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15
Q

Metabolism (def)

A

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

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16
Q

What three subatomic particles make up atoms?

A

protons +
neutrons
electrons -

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17
Q

Atom (def)

A

basic unit of matter

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18
Q

Nucleus (def)

A

center of an atom and has a positive charge

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19
Q

What are three characteristics of an electron

A
  • negative charge
  • 1/1840 the mass of a proton
  • in constant motion outside the nucleus
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20
Q

What two subatomic particles have similar mass?

A
  • neutron

- proton

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21
Q

Element (def)

A

a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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22
Q

Atomic Number (def)

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

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23
Q

Isotopes (def)

A

atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

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24
Q

How are all of the isotopes of an element similar?

A

Because they have the same number of electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties

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25
Q

In what ways do compounds differ from their component elements?

A

The physical and chemical properties of a compound are significantly different than those of the elements from which it is formed. (oxygen+hydrogen are gasses and combine to form a liquid)

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26
Q

Compound (def)

A

a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

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27
Q

What are the main types of chemical bonds?

A
  • ionic

- covalent

28
Q

Ionic bond (def)

A

formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

29
Q

Covalent bond (def)

A

type of bond between atoms in which electrons are shared

30
Q

Molecule (def)

A

the smallest unit of most compounds

31
Q

When atoms share two electrons, what type of bond is it?

A

single covalent bond

32
Q

When atoms share four electrons, what type of bond is it?

A

double covalent bond

33
Q

When atoms share six electrons, what type of bond is it?

A

triple covalent bond

34
Q

van der Waals forces (def)

A

slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

35
Q

How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?

A

Because water is a polar molecule, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of water’s special properties

  • cohesion
  • adhesion
  • heat capacity
36
Q

A molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed is said to be _____ because the the molecule is a bit like a magnet.

A

polar

37
Q

Hydrogen bond (def)

A

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

38
Q

Cohesion (def)

A

an attraction between molecules of the same substance (pond skimmers)

39
Q

Adhesion (def)

A

an attraction between molecules of different substances (water in a graduated cylinder forming a meniscus)

40
Q

How does water’s polarity influence its properties as a solvent?

A

Water’s polarity gives it the ability to dissolve both ionic compounds and other polar molecules

41
Q

Mixture (def)

A

a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined

42
Q

Solution (def)

A

type of mixture in which all the components are evenly distributed

43
Q

Solute (def)

A

substance that is dissolved in a solution

44
Q

Solvent (def)

A

dissolving substance in a solution

45
Q

Suspension (def)

A

mixture of water and non dissolved material

46
Q

Why is it important for cells to buffer solutions against rapid changes in pH?

A

Buffers play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in organisms.

47
Q

pH scale (def)

A

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

48
Q

Acid (def)

A

compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; solution with a pH of less than 7

49
Q

Base (def)

A

compound that produces hydroxide ion (OH-) in solution; solution with a pH of more than 7

50
Q

Buffer (def)

A

compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH

51
Q

Ion (def)

A

atom that has a positive or negative charge

52
Q

A pH of 0 to 7 is considered _____

A

acidic

53
Q

A pH of 7 to 14 is considered _____

A

basic

54
Q

A pH of 7 is considered _____

A

neutral

55
Q

What elements does carbon bond with to make up life’s molecules?

A

carbon can bond with

  • sulfur
  • phosphorus
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • hydrogen
56
Q

Why is carbon so special?

A

carbon atoms have four valence electrons and carbon atoms can bond with each other to form chains

57
Q

Monomers (def)

A

A small chemical unit that makes up a ploymer

58
Q

Polymers (def)

A

molecules compose of many monomers; makes up a macro molecule

59
Q

What are the four groups of macro molecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
  • proteins
60
Q

Carbohydrates (def)

A

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body

61
Q

Monosaccharides (def)

A

simple sugar molecule

62
Q

Lipids (def)

A

macro molecules made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

63
Q

Nucleic acids (def)

A

macro molecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous

64
Q

Nucleotides (def)

A

sub unit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

65
Q

Proteins (def)

A

macro molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair

66
Q

Amino acids (def)

A

compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other

CSET 217 (1 decks)

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