the role of diet in managing chronic disease

Question 1

what are the 4 most common non-communicable diseases

Answer 1

1. Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
2. Diabetes Mellitus
3. Chronic Pulmonary Obstructive Disease (COPD)
4. Cancer

Question 2

6 risk factors for non-communicable diseases

Answer 2

1. HTN
2. raised blood glucose
3. raised cholesterol
4. decreased vegetble and fruit intake
5. physical inactivity
6. tobacco and alcohol use

Question 3

what are more than half of diet related deaths caused by (2)

Answer 3

1. eating too much salt, processed meat, sugar
2. not eating enough whole grains, fruits and vegetables

Question 4

what is the fundamental cause of obesity

Answer 4

an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended

Question 5

what is obesity

Answer 5

abnormal/excessive fat accumulation that may impair health

Question 6

why does increased weigh result in increased insulin resistance

Answer 6

adipose tissue is less receptive to insulin than muscles

Question 7

why does exercise decrease insulin resistance

Answer 7

muscle cells get built up and replace fat => high composition of tissue that is less resistant to insulin; also blood glucose levels r lowered

Question 8

how does obesity increase the risk of cancer

Answer 8

fat cells increase inflammation, make more GFs and hormones ->causes increased cell proliferation -> increases the chance of cancer cells being produced

Question 9

what are the 2 major concerns of T2DM (public health)

Answer 9

1. increased prevelance of diabetes in developing countries due to population growth, ageing, unhealthy diets etc.
2. growing incidence at a younger age

Question 10

what kind of obesity is highly associated w T2DM

Answer 10

central obesity

Question 11

3 levels of diabetes prevention and what theyentail

Answer 11

1. primary - activities aimed at preventing diabetes from occuring in susceptible populations
2. secondary - early diagnosis and effective control of diabetes to delay progression
3. tertiary - measures taken to prevent complications

Question 12

examples of natural products that may help prevent diabetes (7)

Answer 12

1. alpha-lipoic acid
2. curcumin
3. ginseng
4. isothiocyanates
5. polyphenols (e.g. green tea flavinoids)
6. soy
7. red wine

Question 13

how do polyphenols help prevent diabetes

Answer 13

block accumulation/generation of ROS by enhancing 5’ AMPA kinase etc. -> ROS can induce hyperglycaemia via numerous different pathways e.g. activation of mts., accumulation of TGF-B

Question 14

examples of conditions isothiocyanates protect against

Answer 14

cataracts, cancers, NDDs, arthritis, COPD, diabetes

Question 15

what supplements may increase risk of T2DM

Answer 15

selenium

Question 16

fat intatke recommendations for prevention of diabetes

Answer 16

saturated fat should be <7% of total energy intake, total fat should not exceed 30%

Question 17

4 major dietary carcinogens

Answer 17

1. aflatoxins
2. nitrosamines
3. B(a)P - benzo(a)pyrene, the main source is residential wood burning and coal tar
4. heterocyclic amines (e.g. MeIQx)

Question 18

does red meat consumption increase the risk of cancer

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

3 stages of cancer formation

Answer 19

1. initiation
2. promotion
3. progression

Question 20

9 recommendations for cancer prevention (conservative)

Answer 20

1. be a healthy weight
2. be physically active
3. eat a diet rich in wholegrains, veg etc.
4. limit consumption of fast food and other processed or high in fat foods
5. limit consumption of red meat
6. limit consumption of sugary drinks
7. limit alcohol consumption
8. don’t use supplements for prevention
9. breastfeed baby if possible