the role of chromosomes and hormones

Question 1

typical chromosome pattern for 23rd pair in females

Answer 1

XX

Question 2

typical chromosome pattern for 23rd pair in males

Answer 2

XY

Question 3

XX chromosomes lead to the development of…

Answer 3

ovaries, uterus and vagina

Question 4

XY chromosomes lead to the development of…

Answer 4

testes and testosterone causes development of penis

Question 5

the Y chromosome contains instructions to produce…

Answer 5

androgens

Question 6

what are androgens

Answer 6

male sex hormones

Question 7

why do chromosomes affect gender development

Answer 7

because of the link between genes and genitalia and the brain

Question 8

the typical Y chromosome houses what gene

Answer 8

SRY gene

Question 9

what does the SRY gene do

Answer 9

determines the development of the testes which produce testosterone

Question 10

testosterone is linked to what 3 behaviours in males

Answer 10

aggression, competitiveness, visio-spatial abilities

Question 11

oestrogen affects…

Answer 11

female sex characteristics and menstruation and has been linked to emotional behaviour

Question 12

when are hormones produced

Answer 12

prenatally and during adolescence

Question 13

hormones influence the development of what in the body

Answer 13

genitalia and brain - both of which influence gender behaviour

Question 14

what is testosterone

Answer 14

sex hormone more present in males

Question 15

when testosterone is released in the womb it…

Answer 15

causes the development of male sex organs (at 8 weeks) and acts upon the hypothalamus which results in the masculinisation of the brain

Question 16

testosterone is responsible for increased size of an area of the…

Answer 16

hypothalamus, the (SDN)

Question 17

what is oestrogen

Answer 17

main female sex hormone

Question 18

oestrogen governs the development of …

Answer 18

secondary sexual characteristics and menstruation

Question 19

examples of secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 19

body hair, facial hair, breast development

Question 20

what is oxytocin

Answer 20

hormone that promotes feelings of bonding, content and calm

Question 21

oxytocin is important in what process

Answer 21

breastfeeding to promote lactation

Question 22

when is oxytocin released

Answer 22

during times of stress to reduce the fight or flight response

Question 23

non human animal research on the influence of hormones was done on what animal

Answer 23

rats

Question 24

what did Gorski et al do to the rats

Answer 24

injected female rats testosterone before birth

Question 25

what happened to female rats after injection of testosterone

Answer 25

• rats developed ambiguous genitals, enlarged clitoris
• parts of the brain looked male

Question 26

what happened to the female rats behaviour, what did they do

Answer 26

behaviour was masculinised, tried to mate with other female rats

Question 27

three issues of the rat study

Answer 27

• cant extrapolate findings to humans as we have a different biological structure to rats
• ethical issues, injecting hormones can be psychologically harmful
• reductionist

Question 28

why is the rat study reductionist

Answer 28

oversimplifies gender development down to biological explanations, ignores environmental, culture and social norms that could affect it

Question 29

the case of david reimer (the boy with no penis) is conducted by

Answer 29

Dr money

Question 30

what happened in the case of david reimer

Answer 30

• routine circumcision gone wrong, penis burnt off
• Dr money suggested raising him as a girl (only 18 months old)
• at puberty he behaved in a masculine fashion
• he became suicidal, the parents told him what happened and he converted back to a man

Question 31

what does the case of david reimer show

Answer 31

hormones have a strong influence on your traits, personality and interests
that nature is superior to nurture