The Restless Earth

Question 1

5 features of continental plates

Answer 1

Older
Thicker
Less dense
Lighter

Question 2

Convection Current

Answer 2

Heat rises from the core and travels through the mantle. The heat comes as a result of radioactive decay in the core. The movement of plates are as a result of convection currents

Question 3

Constructive Plate Boundaries + example

Answer 3

The two plates are moving apart due to the convection currents in the mantle.
In the North Atlantic Ridge, the two oceanic plates (Eurasian and North American) are slowly moving apart. Magma rises up from the mantle and cools to form a new crust. Sometimes the magma reaches the surface and forms islands such as Iceland.

Question 4

Conservative Plate Boundary + example

Answer 4

The two plates are moving past each other. The friction that occurs leads to very strong earthquakes because is has a shallow focus. The San Andreas fault between San Francisco and Los Angeles

Question 5

How do earthquakes occur

Answer 5

One plate catches on the other when it is moving adjacent to it or sub ducting beneath it. The plates catch and the pressure builds up. As the pressure builds up from friction, it releases eventually and the jolt of the plates leads to the earthquakes

Question 6

Destructive plate boundary + example

Answer 6

Oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate. The plate subducts into the subduction zone where the oceanic plate melts in the mantle. Excess magma is forced up through weaknesses in the crust. Earthquakes occur in the zone between the two plates where they touch.
Peru - Chile trench

Question 7

How are fold mountains formed

O+C

Answer 7

Continental plate collides with oceanic plate. The oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental and the continental plate continues to move in the same direction and buckles

Question 8

Structure of the Core

Answer 8

Solid inner core
Liquid outer core - iron and nickel
Mantle - soft molten rock
Crust - hard outer shell

Question 9

Shield Volcanoes Location

Answer 9

Constructive plate boundaries such as Iceland

Question 10

Shield Volcanoes nature of lava

Answer 10

Runny and therefore flows a long way. Creates wide cones with shallow sides

Question 11

Shield Volcanoes nature of eruption

Answer 11

Magma isn’t viscous so releases its gases beforehand therefore no pressure build up
Not explosive yet frequent eruptions

Question 12

2 examples of Shield Volcanoes

Answer 12

Mauna Loa in Hawaii

Emi Koussi in Chad

Question 13

Description of a shield volcano

Answer 13

Much wider than tall. (120km vs 8km)
Long sloping sides
Layers of lava and stone inside them
Large magma resevoir

Question 14

Composite Volcanoes location

Answer 14

Destructive plate boundaries

Question 15

Composite Volcanoes nature of lava

Answer 15

Sticky and viscous lava so steep sided mountains

Question 16

5 features of Oceanic Plates

Answer 16

Newer
Thinner
Denser
Heavier
6-10km thick

Question 17

Composite Volcanoes nature of eruption

Answer 17

Top blown off
Hail of ash and rock
Lots of steam
Quiet

Question 18

2 examples of Composite Volcanoes

Answer 18

Mount Fuji - Japan

Mount Rainer - Washington

Question 19

Description of Composite Volcanoes

Answer 19

Steep sides due to slow flowing lava
Layers of hardened lava
Crater at top
Subsidiary cones

Question 20

Formation of fold mountains

C + C

Answer 20

Thick sediment layers form in huge depressions called geosynclines under the sea
Over the years the sediments are compressed into rock
As the plates move towards each other, the sedimentary rock is compressed and buckles upwards

Question 21

Why are ocean trenches of little use to humans

Answer 21

Too deep for humans to reach the ocean floor

On,y possible for short times using expensive machinery

Question 22

Three economic positives of tourism in fold mountains

Answer 22

4% of Nepal’s GDP is from tourism ($500m) - 50k per trip
$3.3m from people climbing Everest each year
£1600 earned by each Sherpa per trip

Question 23

Three social positives of tourism in fold mountains

Answer 23

Funds contribute to communities (school, hospitals)
Financial support for preservation of environment
Can educate rest of the world on other religions

Question 24

Two environmental positives of tourism in fold mountains

Answer 24

Must collect 8kg of litter or £4000 fine

Money earned used to preserve fragile environment.

Question 25

Two economic negatives of tourism in fold mountains

Answer 25

Prices of consumer goods increase

Locals have to pay inflated foreign prices for basic goods

Question 26

Three social negatives of tourism in fold mountains

Answer 26

Electricity and water cannot be provided to local people
Traditional way of living changed due to fame and money
Reported crime gone up 24.14% since 2012

Question 27

Two environmental negatives of tourism in fold mountains

Answer 27

Destroys environment with discarded equipment and rubbish

10 tonnes of litter currently on mountain

Question 28

Things that can be mined

Answer 28

Rare gems 
Granite
Cobalt
Nickel
Iron

Question 29

Why do they not mine in the Himalayas

Answer 29

Rough terrain means modern mining kept to a minimum

Makes natural landscape ugly

Question 30

Nepalese Exports and GDP

Answer 30

0.5% of GDP comes from mining
51% of exports go to India
Sell the gems to India cheaply (raw and uncut) where they are polished and cut and then sold on for much higher prices

Question 31

Challenges of living in the mountains

Answer 31

Steep relief
Climate
Soils
Accessibility

Question 32

How have people adapted to farming in fold mountains

Answer 32

Subsistence farming ( only growing what they need )
Terraced land retains water better and allows soil to be deeper and more fertile
At higher altitudes they have cattle and sheep however lower they have terraced crops

Question 33

Problems of farming

Answer 33

Deforestation causes flooding in Bangladesh
Government forced to encourage people to grow more valuable things
Cannot grow crops at high altitude

Question 34

Nepalese HEP

Answer 34

Lots of snow melt and steel relief
40k houses powered by microHEP
Electricity could be exported to India

Question 35

Capital of Montserrat

Answer 35

Plymouth

Question 36

Tectonic plate background of Montserrat

Answer 36

North American plate subducts beneath the Caribbean plate

Excess magma forced up through weakness in the crust to cool and form the lesser Antilles

Question 37

Primary Effects of Montserrat Eruption (June 1995)

Answer 37

19 died
Plymouth destroyed
Half the island became uninhabitable
5000 evacuated
2/3 of homes destroyed

Question 38

Secondary Effects of Montserrat Eruption (June 1995)

Answer 38

Economic structure affected and less tourists visited
Quartz in ash which caused lung disease (silicosis)
Cost of rebuilding

Question 39

Immediate responses of Montserrat Eruption (June 1995)

Answer 39

Residents evacuated to north and exclusion zone in south
Population drop (12k-3.5k)
British government spent millions on aid which included temporary buildings and water purification
Charities sent schools and animal food

Question 40

Long term responses of Montserrat Eruption (June 1995)

Answer 40

Many people did not return as they had set up new lives elsewhere
By 2010, population was 5k
Population structure changed (much older)
British government spent £200m to restore water, electricity and infrastructure

Question 41

Methods of monitoring volcanoes

Answer 41

Gas Emissions
Tectonic Activity
Tilt Meters
GPS
Lasers

Question 42

Characteristics of a super volcano

Answer 42

Larger and more powerful eruptions
No peak or cone
During eruption, entire top blown off to form a caldera
Vast magma chambers

Question 43

What is a caldera

Answer 43

Large ridge formed over the edge of a super volcano where the original cone has either collapsed or been destroyed in a large eruption